Barnados Essay

Thomas Barnardo’s established his charity in 1870; even then did it cause accusations. Barnardo’s opened many projects such as ‘Believe in Children’ and ‘Child Poverty’ and many more series of campaigns. During 2002 Barnado’s launched the campaign ‘Stolen Childhood’ to help children up to the age of 18, who have been abused through prostitution. Complaints said audiences were left feeling disconcerted and disturbed. But making calls to stop child prostitution was a target for Barnardo’s; they wanted to create a new law allowing child prostitution to end. Barnardo’s produced posters for advertisements about the prostitution of children and altered their faces to illustrate the pain that they are going through. Noticing the complaints, has risen, Barnardo’s defended the decision to use shocking images: saying that these changes allowed them to get the message across to many people and allow Minsters to act quickly, providing enough protection for children. In this particular advert, it contains a picture of a little girl sitting on a sofa. Her face is digitally grotesquely old, but has a young body. Standing behind the sofa is part if a man and his fingers are running through her hair. The background is a subtle yellow, with curtains that are drawn. The advert includes a catchy slogan and information on how to donate or get supplementary information about the campaign. The man in this image is placed behind a sofa, with his back towards a window. This arrangement gives me an idea he is hiding or protecting the little girl away from the public. This unknown man cannot be identified because the image does not allow the viewers to see his face because his face is deliberately hidden- this sets the audience eager to see his face. We are also not able to see his bottom half, as he is straightened up behind the sofa- Which suggests that the man may not be wearing any trousers. You can see the hairs upon the man’s chest, (as his shirt is seen to be undone) this straight away gives me a sense that this man is way beyond the age to be sexually connected with young girls. Plus I can identify that he is wearing a wedding ring which states the man might be either married or divorced. This proves that anyone can act in this behaviour, whether or not you’re married. Clenching his hand on the sofa expresses that the man is in anger and has force over the young girl. However, he is probably satisfied as well as incensed because, his other hand is touching the girl’s hair. Reminding ourselves that his shirt is undone, this can calculate that he may be ready to sexually abuse her, or that he has already done so. The terrified girl in the foreground is cramped up in the corner of the sofa: this shows that she is probably afraid and is trying to keep away. She looks as if she is trying to protect herself by holding both arms firmly around her. Through this I can sense that the girl may be in danger in some way perhaps, as she like to keep her self to herself. Her world might be very dark and cold so, therefore holding both arms is a way of keeping her pain within herself. Yet sitting in this position is also covering the lower part of her body, as she may not be wearing anything. This then shows me the young girls sensitive and emotional side as she may be a very shy person. The purple bruises on her legs must have a horrifying story behind them- A story that involves physical, brutal abusing conflict between the man and her, or maybe be she has self harmed herself which might be a way to relief her pain. The top that the girl is wearing stands out to me, it appears to be quite rigid as it looks almost washed out form a bright pink colour, this suggests a soft girly side that she once had, and has all been taken away from her. I can clearly say that this image of her clothing gives a sign of purity and innocence to contrast with her reality and the callousness of the room. Yet viewers who look at this poster are straight away drawn directly to her face. Her digital altered face appears to look old and wrinkly. Bug, heavy bags under her eyes are lined up with dark bruises, making her look stressed and tired, almost as if she has spent her hours crying with lack of sleep. From her droopy expression her mouth is weighed down with many defined lines which appear to be baggy wrinkles forming under her lips. Which is exaggerated on the amount of sexual abuse that she gets, hence it is equivalent to a life time and maybe it is difficult for her to relax and get some rest. This all results to how the child is being taken care of by the man –Not only does he abuse her but has no intention on her health and strength, she is some sort of shield for him, were she is being brutally knocked over, while he is safe ly fulfilled. The girl who once lived a happy life, with smiles and laughter, has almost faded away with a broken soul of worries, fear and pain. I think this altering of her face may reflect what she may look like in the coming years. The image of this lonely victim has been adjusted to make her look old with strands of grey hair. By doing this digital alteration the audience are led to believe that this young girl has been traumatised by suffering from too much sexual abuse from the man, resulting in ageing and loss of childhood. This image captures only a certain part of the room; this creates suspense and gives the audience thoughts about who else might be in the room†¦ nother abuser, or another child in a similar situation? The colour of the wall reflects the carpet, creating a sense of calm and a neutral atmosphere. This matches the colour of the curtains, and gives me an understanding that the main person living in the house has a sense of style, therefore can live in a decent looking way. Thus the soft colours clash with the situation of the trapped, dark story held between both characters in the image. Her disapp ointment and fear does not fit in well with the surroundings of the scene, which makes her prominent. Everything is in contrast to each other, the bright clean room to the dark filthy routine he portrays. Yet one may wonder what is really going on behind those doors and drawn curtains, where a little girl is forced to love with a man. There area different levels positioned in this photograph. The man in the background is standing behind her dominantly as if he is in control of his powerful actions committed against the frightened girl, (through his level of height) as she is sitting and being touched by him. Abuse through prostitution STEALS CHILDRENS LIVES’ is a slogan used in the poster. These effective, emotive words make the audience want to put a stop to prostitution, to give everything the child need which has been taken away from them. Their hope would want the audience to act quickly and efficiently, due to words ‘prostitution and children’ oddly put together (which is normally not relevant to children) it is a short powerful message that loiters onto to y ou after you have read it. The slogan also highlights the key points about the campaign, letting the audience know what prostitution can lead to. In this poster there is enough information needed, for instance the image is very vivid, followed by a catchy slogan, symbolising that the audience’s awareness can make a difference. Overall, Barnardo’s feel they can be more daring with their use of images to a younger age group. Even though, the text on this advert is very limited, the images illustrate an understanding of the charity, as it is well explained, using lack of words. I agree with the fact that Barnardo’s has used visual distressing images- this will encourage and expose how neglect and abuse can bring horrifying consequences to children in the UK. The resulting of the poster will wake the public up, to the children’s distress. If not, the charity still received publicity through the complaints that were made, and will acknowledge them. However, this advert revolts me, and makes me aware of what is actually happening around me. I feel sympathy for the young girl; trying to understand what its like to be in her position and in this uncomfortable situation. No child should experience an outrageous, despicable act like this! The poster lets the viewers create the rest of the room in your mind. Which makes me think that the rest of the world might me suffering from the same situation? This sets me a sudden erg, an eager to help the juvenile girl, and try to stay connected to her, letting her know that there can be help being made. In addition to this, I reckon the more eye-opening and clear the advert is, the more successful that campaign will be!

Changes Brought by Civil Rights Movement

The Civil Rights movement, during the 1960s and 1970s, created many changes for both American society and its schools. The transformations were the result of such movements as Bilingual Education, women†s† rights activity, and the passing of the Public Law 94-142 legislation. The incorporation of these new laws and ideas into society all came with their own consequences. Each of them helped, in some way, to lessen the inequality of minority groups in America, like students whose primary language was not English, women, and handicapped children. They also faced opposition by certain groups, who did not eel that their inclusion in American life was necessary. Those fighting for the minorities, though, were steadfast in their efforts, and made many successful The Bilingual Education movement in America began in the late 1960s. It was made to be an important issue due to the fact that many Spanish-speaking children were attending schools that only included the English language in their curriculum. This resulted in low academic achievement rates for the students. Bilingual education programs were developed to try to resolve this dilemma in the American schools. In these programs, teaching was given in both Spanish nd English. Some attempts were eventually made to set a standard for the bilingual education and make it a nationally recognized idea. The Bilingual Education Act, passed by Congress in 1968, made an approach to legitimize the instruction of non-English speaking children (U & W, 317). It did not set any standards though, so how well the act was observed was basically left up to whose arguments were stronger–the opposers or the defenders. The Supreme Court popularized the issue in 1974, in the Lau vs. Nichols case. This case involved â€Å"Chinese American children in San Francisco who spoke little or no English† (ibid. . Those fighting for the children wanted them to receive extra attention in teaching English. After the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the children, various proposals were given to attempt to solve The inclusion of bilingual education in America†s school†s curriculum brought about different ideas on how to resolve the issue. The first of these approaches suggested that there be a special curriculum for non-English speakers, so that they can concentrate on learning the English language. The second involved taking non-English speaking students out of regular classrooms until they learned the language fully. The third approach, bilingual education, suggested teaching the student†s native language and English equally. According to Urban and Wagoner in American Education: A History, â€Å"advocates of this last approach sometimes emphasized biculturalism as well and These attempts were both supported and opposed by various parties. Those who defended incorporation of bilingual education into American schools included politicians and other Hispanic leaders, who were trying to prevent assimilation. Opposers included â€Å"teachers, Anglo politicians, and some Hispanic intellectuals†, who thought that it was important for the children to ssimilate in to the society (ibid. ). Women†s rights activity also became popular in the 1960s, but did not have many large effects on the schools. Teachers did not want to be involved with the feminists, and so the activists also distanced themselves from the teachers. The hard work and determination of the feminists did though, bring about the passing of the Title IX of the Higher Education Act in 1972 (ibid. , 320). This act instilled gender equality in institutions of higher education, and has played a monumental role in regulating fairness among the sexes in colleges and The Title IX continues to aid in maintaining equality between college men and women, among other things, though there is still work to be done. The act has been successful supporting attempts to bring more female administrators into schools. In actuality though, women principals and administrators in schools and school districts are still scarce (ibid. ). Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, was an act of legislation passed by Congress in 1972. It assured that all handicapped children received equal public education. It also allowed disabled hildren to be students in regular classrooms, an idea called â€Å"mainstreaming† (ibid. ). Included in the act, was a development called the individualized education plan (IEP). This plan was for all handicapped students enrolled in the program, and it would analyze the children†s† progress, as well as any goals that Public Law 94-142 encountered intense debates from both supporters and opposers. The children and their parents greatly approved of the special education program because it provided a much more favorable education than what they were receiving previously. They were getting a chance to be educated n the same atmosphere as children without disabilities. Others who opposed mainstreaming and the special education programs included various school officials, and the parents of non-handicapped children. The officials believed that Congress was violating the school system, by enacting educational legislation, without providing a way to fund it. The parents were angered because they felt that the handicapped children brought in to the classrooms would take too much attention away from their children†s† education. This issue was never quite resolved with the legislation, and it still remains today. The Bilingual Education movement, women†s rights activity, and Public Law 94-142 are just a few of the ideas, movements, and acts of legislation that produced changes in American society and the education system in the 1960s and 1970s. Some, like bilingual education, affected what was taught in the classroom. Others, like the women†s rights movement, and Public Law 94-142, transformed the schools themselves, and also who was attending them. Each included their own outcome and consequences when they were enacted. The outcomes, in fact, have allowed for standards that exist in American schools today.

What were the causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union Essay

What were the causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union - Essay Example 149). There are others who propound the theory that the Soviet Union had been deliberately dismantled. In their opinion, this system would have continued; but for the destructive acts of some individuals. This conjecture results in the question of who had been responsible for the collapse of the Soviet Union. The erstwhile Communists of Moscow have held that Gorbachev was the sole cause for this unwelcome development (Ekedahl and Goodman, 1998, p. 149). Yeltsin embarked upon a program of consolidating his power. In this endeavour, he acted with great haste, and this had a major contribution to the disintegration of the USSR. Gorbachev also played a major, but unintended role in the process of disintegration. Some of the reasons for the dismantling of the Soviet Union are the liberalization of the system, and its democratization; and permitting the Eastern European countries to claim independence. In addition, the Soviets did not employ force against those seeking self-determination, this proved to be highly encouraging for those seeking self rule (Brown, 2007, p. 318). Prior to Gorbachev’s rule, any expression of nationalism was dealt with very severely. Some of the modes of punishment for such activity were arrest, imprisonment, exile to Siberia, or even execution. Gorbachev liberalised the system and provided the opportunity for democracy to flourish in the Soviet Union. These measures resulted in the disintegration of the USSR (Brown, 2007, p. 319). The Second World War was highly damaging for the Soviet Union. The innumerable executions of persons suspected of being dissidents, had a number of adverse effects on the Soviet system. The Red Army’s leadership was incompetent, it was poorly armed and troop morale was at its nadir. The extant transport arrangements were woefully inadequate, and this led to serious shortages, all over the country (Kenez, 2006, p. 133). The dissolution of the Soviet Union was accompanied with considerable bloodshed,

Case anasis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case anasis - Essay Example In the blink of an eye Groupon.com serves more than 150 business sectors in North America and 100 businesses in Europe, Asia and South America and has a populace faithfulness of 35 million enrolled clients. One of the quickest developing organizations ever, Groupon and its most recent day by day arrangements were news the business media couldnt oppose. From the nearby corner bread kitchen to national retailers, for example, Gap, sizzling offers were anticipated to triple Groupons 50 million endorsers by the end of the year. Anyhow while the spotlight remained concentrated on the feature "characteristic" bargains, Groupon was quietly trying new models to stretch this center stage. In late 2010, the organization presented Groupon Stores, an administration toward oneself model that outfitted stores with the instruments to fabricate their own particular advancements. Bargains head and prime supporter Eric Lefkofsky pondered that when clients could "go on their own and set up an arrangement, Groupon might turn into their business method," implying yet an alternate new plot of the business, Merchant Services. That said, Lefkofsky immediately forewarn that such lighter-touch models were still new and spoke to only one faction of the numerous tests Groupon was running. By March 2011, Groupon confronted three noteworthy rivals in the day by day arrangements scene: Livingsocial, Bloomspot, and Buywithme. Except for Livingsocial, Groupon was supposed to be ten times the span of different rivals in the space; Exhibit 3 gives more insights about piece of the overall industry. Despite the fact that a group of other "blaze deal" models, for example, Gilt Groupe and Ruelala had additionally risen and could be approximately interpreted as contenders, most organizations in this basin were more concentrated on clearing stock for well-known national brands as opposed to on helping SMBs to enhance their incomes through buzz,

Assignment #1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

#1 - Assignment Example His work can be used by the central banks to curb inflationary expectations appropriately. 2005: Robert J. Aumann and Thomas C. Schelling: They received the award for their research of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis. Schelling applied the concepts of game-theory to international relations. Prof. Aumann’s work focused on the issue of effect of continued repetition of games on co-operation. 2004: Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott: They received the Noble prize for their research on effects of business cycles on international trade. They examined the driving forces behind business cycles, and analyzed the temporal consistency of economic policy 1998: Amartya Sen: Prof. Amartya Sen received the Noble prize for his work on welfare economics in case of famine, and suggestions to prevent it. His work focused on the human development theory, the underlying mechanism of poverty, and political liberalism. The Oxford English dictionary defines theory as â€Å"an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain something† (â€Å"Theory†). Formulation of a theory is a step-by-step scientific process, starting from an opinion to stating the final theory. The starting point of a theory is an observation of a particular process. The interest created by this observation then leads to the formulation of an opinion regarding the process. This opinion is based on the available information regarding the same process, and the researcher’s beliefs. These opinions are also a reflection of the researcher’s expectations regarding the outcome of the enquiry. These opinion and observation then lead to the formulation of hypotheses. Hypothesis is a possible theoretical explanation of the observation made by a researcher to fill the gaps in the research previously done on the subject matter. This is followed by collection and classification of the data. Data collection is followed by the formulation of invariance

Analytical Measurements Should be Made to Satisfy an Agreed Essay

Analytical Measurements Should be Made to Satisfy an Agreed Requirement - Essay Example b.Prior to making a final judgement the results thus obtained from measurements should be compared to the existing standards already laid down to interpret the lower and upper limits. For example, in determining the level of alcohol in the blood of a driver charged with driving while drunk, there should be an existing standard level of alcohol in blood considered safe for driving and a limit above which it is unsafe to drive. The result obtained from the blood sample of this driver is then compared to the standard limit. (4, 10) c.A valid measurement is the one which does not result in misleading an observer, or the customer of a laboratory making the measurement. That is to say, that if the customer makes a decision relying on the information obtained by a valid measurement then the decision is correct. (4, 10) d.A valid measurement in itself may not be particularly accurate or precise, but if a conclusion is to be reached as to how the result differs from a standard then the measurement will have sufficient accuracy and precision to satisfy customer’s requirement. The correctness of a decision reached by relying on the information obtained through analytical measurement indicates the validity of measurement. (1, 4, 10) e.The aim of the agency making Valid Measurement, normally a laboratory, is to provide their customers with results that are not ambiguous and confusing and meet customer requirements. That is why Analytical Measurement should be made to satisfy an agreed requirement. (10) In analytical measurements the quality of data extracted is all that matters and good information thus gained is an outcome of good measuring techniques applied. For data to be of good quality the technique employed should be validated by being precise, repeatable, reproducible and stable. (8,9) g. A precise technique does not have deviations in the result of same measurement. There should be no change in methodology of measurement and neither should there be a change in what is being measured. The repeatable technique should render the same result when the same object is measured over a number of times. A reproducible technique is the one which when repeated produces the same result. A stable technique does not change over a period of time and if repeated, in times to come, it should be able to give same results as in the past. (2, 5) h. Laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC) and National Physical Laboratory (NPL) have jointly developed Valid Analytical Measurement (VAM) principles, as part of their VAM programme to sketch a design for laboratories involved in making analytical measurements. Out of the six principles as laid down "Analytical measurements should be made to satisfy an agreed requirement" (4) is the first. (4) i. To realize the importance of agreed requirements consider that there a number of tests which can be performed to carry out a measurement. An analyst, being an expert, must enter into a dialogue with the customer to discuss the quality of results, time and cost of these tests. The analyst must have the knowledge to identify customer's requirements. Moreover, it is important to gain an insight into the criticality of the measurement by virtue of discussion with the customer. As such, it becomes necessary to know for what purpose the result will be used. (4, 5, 6) j. All critical and non-critical issues must be explained to the customer prior

GROUNDING & BONDING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GROUNDING & BONDING - Essay Example It is done with the help of copper wire to establish connection between all parts. Bonding is concerned with the techniques and procedures necessary to achieve a mechanically resilient low impedance interconnection. Grounding is the process in which we connect the bonded equipment to the earth. It is a special form of bonding in which conductive equip ­ment is connected to an earthing electrode or to the building grounding system in order to prevent sparking between conductive equipment and grounded structures. Bonding and grounding do not rectify the source or cause of stray voltage instead it reduces the harmful effect of stray voltage to a level where it may no longer pose any threat or problem. In the absence of bonding the potential difference can cause damage to equipment when any two parts of sensitive equipment are connected to system which can acquire different potentials. Bonding and Grounding Principle Bonding and grounding are basically two separate concepts in which on e is the physical medium and the other one act as the method for creating that medium. It is a very effective technique for minimizing the likelihood of an ignition from static electricity.

In what ways do cognitive biases affect decision-making Assignment

In what ways do cognitive biases affect decision-making - Assignment Example Cognitive biases affect decision-making when one wants to simplify complex decision situations (Das & Teng, 1999, pg. 760). Severe and systematic errors in decision-making result from the applications of ‘rule of thumb’ and adoption of heuristics. The contemporary ever-changing society does not allow long-term strategies, and in most cases, a quick decision saves company resources and determines their success in the business environment. There is often a need to evolve with the changing times and at times one has to make short-term and quick decision to address immediate needs. Cognitive biases result in temporal orientations in which one uses past happenings to predict the future impact of a decision. ‘Availability’ is a major heuristic that triggers cognitive biases, which eventually affect decision-making. It provides the bias of imagining in which decisions are about recent experiences. Decision makers often use their beliefs and previous experiences in current decision-making situations. This is common in organizations that focus on selected targets rather than broad-minded solutions. In such cases, cognitive biases arise because one may overlook important evidence and worthwhile objectives that may produce a different solution (Das & Teng, 1999, pg. 762). Cognitive biases limit a person to a limited number of objectives that can attain a goal. A small number of options if often favorable for most people and businesses because it saves time, energy, and money that could go to waste in brainstorming meetings. In the end, they have a list of alternative ideas that do not encompass fresh outlooks into a problem (Das & Teng, 1999, pg. 762). The assumption that ‘what has, will always be’, is dangerous, because it hinders appropriate decision-making. They serve as a as an impediment in the recognition of scientific non-intuitive knowledge. Cognitive bias develops an illusion of manageability in which a possibility of success higher than the

Acquisition of Gender Identity and Gender Roles Term Paper

Acquisition of Gender Identity and Gender Roles - Term Paper Example From the very start, the gender identity is determined through the sex of the person at conception, the influence of the male and female hormones secreted in the body, and the societal definitions and perceptions which identify the requirements of roles particular to one gender (Cox, 2008). The biological factors remain the core of defining gender identity and roles. However, each child passes through numerous phases of cognitive and psychological development, which creates the initial pattern of self-identity as a sexual being (Sammons, nd). One of the primary researches and understanding of gender identity and gender role has been achieved through Kohlberg’s development theory (Cox, 2008). He states that children, according to their mental capacity, growth and approach develop the sense of gender identity in three successive stages. The first stage which takes place at 2 years of age is when the child identifies himself as male or female (Cox, 2008 and Sammons, nd). The second stage is called gender stability, which takes place at age four years. At this stage, the child realizes that he or she is permanently male or female, that is, gender is a permanent phenomenon (Bussey and Bandura, 1999). The final stage, the gender constancy, takes place at ages 5 and 7 y ears. At this stage, the child realizes that clothes or change of appearance does not alter the sex of the person (Cox, 2008). I remember how it was very difficult for my mother to make me conform to things that are considered girlish. At first, it was always the correction of me being a girl and not a boy. Then further emphasis on me being a girl, by showing me what I should like and which are boy things to do. Finally, I was instructed how to dress and act, with a constant barrage of statements starting with â€Å"little girls don’t do that†.  

Ethical KM Training for Tata Steel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical KM Training for Tata Steel - Essay Example However, the essay will discuss how social, cultural and organizational issues affected system development process and information system. In addition to this, the essay will also focus on the taken measures by Tata Steel in order to overcome the ongoing issues. Earlier, Tata Steel was only a general manufacturing organization. But, the organizational management has realized that there are internal issues that may affect the business performance of the organization (McGrath, 2003). The management of the organization purposely adopted knowledge management aspect in the organization operational process to overcome organizational, cultural and social issues. In terms of organizational issues, the management of the organization was only focusing on the centralization process and strict hierarchical structure. This aspect affected system development process as centralized organizational structure and culture affected the motivation aspect of both employees other important organizational stakeholders. It is true that, The management of Tata Steel has adopted several programmes and development processes regarding knowledge management, but lack of employee engagement before the KM process affected strategy development and decision making process (Gr iffiths, 2012). Inadequate workplace diversity also created issues for the management of the organization. Before the implementation of knowledge management system in the other organizational process, the management of Tata Steel found out some culture related issues in the management (Hobhm, 2004). The employees of the organization were self-centric and they did not feel free to share their views and knowledge with others. It actually affected the collaborative workplace performance of the organization.  

Food is culture, culture is food Essay Example for Free

Food is culture, culture is food Essay A majority of people really do care about their health when they choose foods to eat. They always think: The food they eat must gives their bodies the information and materials they need to function properly. If they dont get the right information, their metabolic processes suffer and their health declines. http://www. takingcharge. csh. umn. edu/explore-healing-practices/food-medicine/how-does-food-impact-health Espcially in Vietnam, most of people always use five fundamental taste elements when they’re cooking. For Vietnamese people, salt is used as the connection between the worlds of the living and the dead. Cooking and eating play an extremely important role in Vietnamese culture. The word an (eat) is included in a great number of proverbs and has a large range of semantic extensions. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine#Cultural_importance Vietnamese cuisine is reflective of the Vietnamese lifestyle from the preparation to how the food is served. Going through long phases of war and political conflicts, as well as cultural shifts, the vast majority of the Vietnamese people have been living in poverty. Therefore, the ingredients for Vietnamese food are often very inexpensive but nonetheless, the way they are cooked together to create a yin – yang balance make the food simple in look but rich in flavor. Due to economic condition, maximizing the use of ingredients to save money has become a tradition in Vietnamese cooking. http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine#Food_in_relation_to_lifestyle. WHAT DOES FOOD IS CULTURE, CULTURE IS FOOD MEAN TO YOU? In every country, there’s always have their icons or foods which is symbolize for their country image. Espcially food, in my opinion, food is one of the thing which can be introduced to foreigners about the country’s culture much easier than the other things such as clothes, souvernirs†¦ And a lot of countries have shown their culture through the way they cook food, through the way they eat and through the way they use ingredient for their cooking.

Role of Social Networking Sites Towards Social Change Essay Example for Free

Role of Social Networking Sites Towards Social Change Essay Social Networking Sites (SNS) is a group of Web sites that provide people with the opportunity to create an online profile and to share that profile with others (Barnes, 2006). The top ranked SNS in India are Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, LinkedIn, Orkut, Google plus, etc. Besides electronic media, print media, Mobile phones and e-mails, SNS occupy a large space in every individual. When the first social networking site (classmate.com) was created in 1995, it just acted as a mere friend finder which helps the user to find their old friends and build relationship. Later looking at the huge success of networking sites hundreds of sites were created all around the world. Orkut was one of the famous SNS in India. When the traditional media is subjected to certain restrictions and pre-censorship in certain countries, the new media offers complete freedom of expression. When the mainstream media questions central or state’s functioning against people it is subjected to restrictions. Though a very few media provide unbiased news, most of the Mainstream media are owned by corporate companies whose priorities are celebrity issues, cricket, inaugurals of showrooms, commercialized entertainment, sensationalized talk shows and so on. SNS allow individuals to share their views and opinions. Apart from restrictions and censorship, individuals can share photographs, videos and links related to the social issues which can add volume to their views and also as a justification. Individual SNS users act as an opinion maker through networking sites. People those who follow them or in their friends circle comment their views on the posts. As it is networked the status update is shared by friends and friends of friends too. A medium is considered as an Alternative medium only when it notices the unnoticed, hears the unheard screams, expresses the feelings of marginalized groups, questions the authorities and challenge the biased mainstream media. No doubt social networking sites does all. It also serves as a source for the mainstream media. It helps to form communities, organize people together, changes the government. Social networking Sites Social Networking Sites (SNS) is a group of Web sites that provide people with the opportunity to create an online profile and to share that profile with others (Barnes, 2006). The top ranked SNS in India are Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, LinkedIn, Orkut, Google plus, etc. Besides electronic media, print media, Mobile phones and e-mails, SNS occupy a large space in every individual. The reason behind is most of the colleges, universities and work places are bonded with internet. Social Networking succeeds in a big way because it directly interconnects individuals and provides opportunity for us to design our own space. They help individuals to connect with their friends, family and even with strangers. These sites act as a platform to express our views. It also helps us to built and form communities of similar tastes. â€Å"Social networking tools give senior leaders the power to communicate instantly and with great regularity and consistency with globally diverse teams† (Elaine Varelas, 2010) When the first social networking site (classmate.com) was created in 1995, it just acted as a mere friend finder which helps the user to find their old friends and build relationship. Later looking at the huge success of networking sites hundreds of sites were created all around the world. Orkut was one of the famous SNS in India. After 2006 the concept of Facebook became a great success followed by twitter and recent Google plus. These sites can be used as public blogging, resource sharing, reflecting one’s views on any social issue. These sites pave a way for freedom of speech and expression. They can share what happened around them, with their views; find followers and likes for their updates. Freedom of Expression According to the Constitution of India Article 19 refers to freedom of speech and expression. With no other law or article for media, article 19(1)(a) says that all citizens have the right to freedom of speech and expression, which means the right to express one’s feelings and expressions freely by writing, painting, printing, spoken words or any other mode. Also the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. According to UDHR Article 19 says that everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. When the traditional media is subjected to certain restrictions and pre-censorship in certain countries, the new media offers complete freedom of expression. When the mainstream media questions central or state’s functioning against people it is subjected to restrictions. Though a very few media provides unbiased news, most of the Mainstream media are owned by corporate companies whose priorities are celebrity issues, cricket, inaugurals of showrooms, commercialized entertainment, sensationalized talk shows and so on. They hardly cover the common man’s sufferings and even if covered poor facts make the issue seem worthless. Thus by ignoring the human rights violations at different levels a common man suffers, media is moving far away from people centered issues. Many people who are with sources but doesn’t get a right platform to express themselves because of gatekeeping process. Most of the human rights violating issues are also neglected in many mainstream medi a. So there is an urge for an alternative medium which brings out all the social issues around the world. Networking sites – a platform to share For many years, technology research overlooked the role of the user as a significant variable in studying technology and media. Influenced by early mass communication theories, such as the hypodermic needle model, media users were studied as an undifferentiated mass audience. This theory suggests that mass media can shoot messages at an audience and can have a universal, homogeneous effect on them. (Wimmer, R. D. Dominick, J. R. (1994). SNS allow individuals to share their views and opinions. Apart from restrictions and censorship, individuals can share photographs, videos and links related to the social issues which can add volume to their views and also as a justification. Through networking sites people can be organized, form groups, communities etc. Networking sites offer various options and settings which can be a good one for discussions and opinion forming. Recent trends in Social Networking Sites towards Social Change This century’s most popular revolution began at Egypt on January 25 which brought out the importance of social networking sites and the power of Tweets. It is strongly believed that the fall of Hosni Mubarak was because of Twitter and Facebook. â€Å"†¦.the Egyptian revolution took off more quickly, spread to more people, became more universal, and scared the heck out of a dictator more effectively because of social media. Social media didnt cause the revolution, but it was essential to its success† (Josh Bernoff) Libya also became liberated from Muammar Gaddafi, the de-facto ruler of Libya. Social networking sites bought an end to Gaddafi’s freedom, socialism and unity†. Srilankan Tamil genocide on 2009, millions of people was killed in Srilankan war. Thousands were sent to refugee camp. The Srilankan media cleverly censored the war killings in their media and several other international reporters were sent back to their countries from Srilanka. But, news, photos and videos from war fields were uploaded via blogs and networking sites by fellow refugees, victims of war. They spoke about the cruelty of genocide. This brought world nations’ attention to take action against Sri Lankan president at international court for genocide and war crimes. The Jammu and Kashmir state government banned Short Message Service (SMS) service in Jammu and Kashmir realizing that it was the medium through which people were communicating and spreading information across. But Facebook and other social networking sites have largely nullified the government’s plans†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. â€Å"Kashmir Unrest†, a community page created by a student user, has around 600 members. The user has made passionate appeals on the page to take the campaign against rights abuses to international level† (Adil Akhzer). The photos of the atrocities, clashes between the protesters and army personnel, video recording of the cold blooded murders received worldwide coverage. According to Khurram Parvez, coordinator of the Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society, â€Å"They (government) are monitoring whosoever writes what, with traditional Kashmiri media dominated by the official Indian viewpoint and public meetings and protests banned, young people in the disputed Himalayan region have turned to social media to â€Å"make their voices heard in the world and to share information†. Social networking sites †¢ enable individuals to share them with friends †¢ enable people to see how many others share their perspective. †¢ enable people to coordinate activity and get the word out about protests, social issues. †¢ enable people to comment their views on their friend’s posts and retweet it. SNS as opinion makers With the help of SNS an individual can become an opinion maker. People those who follow them or in their friends circle comment their views on the posts. As it is networked the status update is shared by friends and friends of friends too. With the help of SNS so many issues such as Lokpal bill, Mullai periyar dam gained national attention. The Jan Lokpal Bill, also referred to as the citizens ombudsman bill, is a proposed independent anti-corruption law in India. Anna Hazares fast was successful in mobilizing the support of thousands of people in the virtual world of social media. Hazare had over 500,000 mentions through status updates and comments across top social networking sites, including Facebook and Twitter in the country. Social Networking Sites have become one of the status symbol among youth film promotion is a successful marketing strategy. One can create a discussion forum on the internet as opposed to other forms of marketing where the information is open to only being seen and consumed. The interactivity factor on the internet leads to exponential popularity for a film(Nabeel Abbas). Filmmakers create fan pages on websites like Facebook, Twitter, blogs, by building special official websites as well as by tying up with networking sites like Zapak and Ibibo, which offer various customized applications and games related to a movie. Social networking sites – promoting human rights issues When there was a very strict gatekeeping in media on certain issues, the mainstream media have to edit or eliminate issues from the news room. So those issues were kept on eliminated for decades and decades. Media also prioritized their TRP’s and crossed out many of the issues. These filters increased whenever the society faces a problem, the people discussed what media says, but they are never given a chance to reflect their views as Mainstream media acted as a one way medium. There was a very less feedback from the receiver side and it was hardly reflected. Social networking sites and blogs act as a platform for the citizens to express their grievance and criticisms either in public or within their friends’ circles. As the network sites enables the user to choose their circles through which their updates, photos or videos can also be shared by their friends. Conclusion A medium is considered as an Alternative medium only when it notices the unnoticed, hears the unheard screams, expresses the feelings of marginalized groups, questions the authorities and challenge the biased mainstream media. No doubt social networking sites does all. It also serves as a source for the mainstream media. It helps to form communities, organize people together, changes the government. People must be aware of the power of social networking sites. As the coin has both sides SNS are also unenthusiastic in some cases. The posts, tweets etc are an individual’s opinion about some issue. All those updates can’t be taken as a valid proof. They reflect the particular individual’s opinion on some issues. People must have media literacy and real sense for proper utilization. According to Comscore, a marketing company, India is the world’s seventh largest social network site visitor in 2010. It has been growing as a giant alternative medium due to the accessibility of new medium. SNS can’t be compared with Mass Media, but when the (SNS) mediated group communication grabs the attention of the mainstream media it becomes a powerful social medium. Non- professional writers and common people also show much interest on sharing their views on social issues especially on human rights issues. Apart from writers, journalists and intellectuals, women especially house wives use networking sites. They share themselves, find similar survivors. SNS can also be used as a medium which rejuvenates people. â€Å"People feel that the internet is the only democratic medium available,† (Khurram Parvez).

Analysis of Marketing Campaign: Victorias Secret

Analysis of Marketing Campaign: Victorias Secret Currently, Victorias Secret offers a large assortment of products that are not only lingerie based. In the store part of the organization, there are also beauty and fragrance products that include cosmetics and skin care. In the Victorias Secret catalogue and Web, the assortment varies even further with lingerie, swimwear, apparel and shoes. Within the Victorias Secret brand, there are sub-brands or collections. These sub-brands have also built recognition. The sub-brands are Pink, Very Sexy, Body by Victoria and Angels. These sub-brands have their own identity but offer and deliver quality, Victorias Secret is one of the most successful businesses in the US today. Their Marketing strategy is hinged upon a well thought of advertising campaign and other special features. History Victorias Secret was established by Roy Raymond in the San Francisco area during the 1970s. Raymond saw an opportunity in taking underwear of the time and turning it into fashion. Products stood apart from the traditional white cotton pieces, which department stores offered, with colours, patterns and style that gave them more allure and sexiness. They combined European elegance and luxury. Even the name Victorias Secret was meant to conjure up images of 19th-century England. The store went so far as to list a fake London address for the company headquarters. Today, Victorias Secret enjoys nearly a monopoly position on the retail of intimate apparel in the US. The typical bra that once sold for $15 at Victorias Secret, when the company first opened and was worried about competition, now sells for over $40. Victorias Secrets Success Starting from Raymonds six stores, Victorias Secret has grown into a giant in the lingerie business. As my colleague just explained VS has virtually no competitors in the womens elegant lingerie market. In the more general category of all underwear, Victorias Secrets sales also tower over the sales of all other underwear brands. Victorias Secrets success is evident in the numbers. Not only does Victorias Secret dominate in its own market, it has also become the fastest growing branch in the Limited family. To understand the success of Victorias Secret, it is necessary to look at the forces in the lingerie industry. First, a range of complements contribute to increasing demand. Complements range from Britney Spears and MTV to perfume, basically anything that is sexually suggestive. The acceptable boundary for sexuality has with these complements been raised higher and higher. Along with this, the media has elevated the position of intimate apparel in our society. Magazines like Cosmo and Glamour advise women to pamper themselves with nice underwear as one of lifes secret survival tips. Bras and panties are commodities that need to be replaced at a modestly frequent level. Therefore, there is no concern for the intimate apparel industry of a decline in demand. The industry is not rivalrous either. Bras are priced over a fairly broad range with high markups. Firms in this industry have very high profit margins. Furthermore, neither the buyers who are women shoppers nor their husbands who are buying gifts have much bargaining power. Suppliers for the intimate apparel industry similarly have very little bargaining power because of the large number of manufacturers and few big buyers. Supermodels who can be considered suppliers in the highly-advertised lingerie business certainly do not have bargaining power, especially when it comes to Victorias Secret. Most models consider it a prestigious honor to be a Victorias Secret model. There is more supply (models) than demand in this case. For such a lucrative industry, there are surprisingly few competitors in the US market. Besides Fredericks of Hollywood, there are no other lingerie retail chain stores. Victorias Successful Marketing Campaign Advertising One of Victorias Secrets strengths is its very successful advertising strategy. In a business that sells an image and a lifestyle, advertising is crucial. Victorias Secret spends $66 million each year on advertising, essentially defining beauty and packaging it for consumers. Thousands of newspaper ads, catalogues, and televised fashion shows convince women that buying Victorias Secret products will boost their confidence and enhance their appeal. A Victorias Secret product represents fun, romance, fantasy, desire and love all in one. As long as they do Victorias Secret lingerie, women can be transformed like Cinderella from the ties of domestic life to one of the angels seen on the walkway. Annual Fashion Show Televised annually, the Victorias Secret Fashion Show Extravaganza has an exclusive contract with nationwide broadcasting station CBS. A symbiotic relationship exists between the two firms. Victorias Secret obtains one hour of nationwide advertising, while CBS holds the exclusive right to one of the most popular programs on TV. For one full hour, beautiful supermodels parade about in Victorias new-line of beautiful lingerie with chic special effects and music that heightens the fashion show to the level of a Broadway production. Women are persuaded that Victorias Secret lingerie will win the enthusiasm they see plainly in their male colleagues. The Supermodels Victorias Secret holds one of the most important input supplies in the lingerie industry: supermodels. Victorias Secret models are synonymous with beauty. Advertisements capitalize on this association and cement in consumer minds that Victorias Secret represents beauty and class. The fact that Victorias Secret has most of the top supermodels working for them is no surprise. Nobody boasts of Banana Republic models or GAP models, but mention Victorias Secret models and everybody gushes about how gorgeous they are. Being a Victorias Secret supermodel is a sign of prestige. Like the top animators who are honored to work for Disney, talented models are enthusiastic about signing up with Victorias Secret because it guarantees them a successful name and chance to be named in an elite group of supermodels, including the likes of Adrianna Lima, Heidi Klum, and Tyra Banks. In order to keep good business flowing, stores need strong marketing strategies. If they do not have people coming into their stores, they obviously will not have much business. Victorias Secret is well aware of this, and they constantly give customers reasons to visit by sending them coupons, special offers, and best of all free stuff! 1. Freebies:ÂÂ  The Free Panty coupon is one of the customers favourite methods. Victorias Secret sends these coupons out every month to all of their customers, and the best thing about this coupon is that there is no purchase necessary. Many times when stores give out coupons to receive free items, it is required that you buy something first. However, people love this particular offer because they can receive a free panty just by walking into the store and handing over the coupon. How does this help Victorias Secret?ÂÂ  Giving away a free item gives customers a reason to go into the store. There arent too many people who will just go in the store, get their free item, and then walk out. Every time one goes in to claim their prize, they always end up stopping to look around at everything else (and usually end up falling in love with something that they really did not need). One ends up spending money every time, and thats a nice profit for Victorias Secret. Theyve gained more business just by handing out a small panty that most likely costs them very little! 2. Exclusive, Limited-Time Coupons:ÂÂ  Another one of their great techniques is when they send coupons for 10 dollars off any Pink purchase. In this situation, customers would receive $10 off any Pink brand item bought in the store. Pink is extremely popular for Victorias Secret, and theres a wide selection in this line. Theres something for everyone. Why not see if you can save on a higher-priced item you may have had your eye on? How does this help Victorias Secret?ÂÂ  They may provide $10 off, but theyre getting you to spend money there. Again, the incentive gets customers through the door and the sought-after merchandise urges them to stick around and do some more shopping. 3. Clearance or Bargain Sales:ÂÂ  Victorias Secret also holds their Semi Annual Sales to drum up business. These sales occur in the winter time (usually every January) and also every summer. These sales are huge (some ladies ransack the displays to find the best deals) and they get tons of people into their store. Many of the items that go on sale during this time are usually discounted between 40 and 70%. People who love Victorias Secret go crazy over these prices, because on a regular day, their prices arent usually that cheap. How does this help Victorias Secret?ÂÂ  Bargain-hunting customers usually buy as many pairs of unmentionables as they can which not only brings in cash but also clears out previous-season merchandise. This frees up space for new designs, which people catch previews of while theyre waiting in line to pay for their purchases. 4. Incremental Incentives:ÂÂ  Not every patron sees the appeal of waiting in lines for the best prices, and VS understands that. Thats why they incorporate online-only deals. For example, they may give a $15 discount for every $100 spent, $30 off for every $150 spent, or maybe even $75 off for $250 spent. This incremental technique is another way for the store to gain new business. How does this help Victorias Secret?ÂÂ  Incremental incentivesÂÂ  encourage people to buy more for a price break or discount. This is especially beneficial for customers who may be near a price break lets say you have $90 worth of merchandise in your cart. Wouldnt you be likely to add one more item if you knew you could then use the coupon for $15 off? I would.

Stereotypical Old West Lawman in the Radio Series Gunsmoke :: Gunsmoke

Stereotypical Old West Lawman in the Radio Series Gunsmoke When considering the attributes of the Old West lawman, the mind frequently turns to the lawmen made familiar through works of fiction, created for the purposes of entertainment. One specific example of such a fictional depiction of "the lawman" exists in the episodic radio series entitled, "Gunsmoke." In this series, Matt Dillon, the Sheriff of Dodge City, repeatedly exhibits many qualities, which could be labeled as stereotypical. After analyzing several Gunsmoke episodes, and reviewing the analyses of many others, one trait, which seems to be present in Matt Dillon, is that of invincibility. Matt Dillon shoots the "bad guy" but never gets shot. He is always victorious. He always wins. We can see this pattern exemplified in three diverse situations. First, Dillon always wins a face to face gunfight. Secondly, Dillon is victorious even when he is ambushed or unprepared for an attack. And finally, Dillon wins even when no physical violence or gunplay takes place. The turnover rate, not to mention the stress level, for authentic sheriffs of the Old West was probably quite high. For a radio sheriff, like Matt Dillon, there was undoubtedly a lot of comfort in the assurance that he had to be in the next episode. No quick drawing, ne'er do well would ever best him. The gunfights were frequent and always ended the same way. In the episode entitled "Crack Up" for example, a known killer named Nate Springer, comes to Dodge specifically to do away with Dillon. After much planning and plotting, when the smoke clears from the climactic gun battle, it is Springer sprawled in the dust as the victorious Dillon reholsters his trusty weapon ("Crack-Up." 02-26-55). Similarly, in the episode entitled "Monopoly," an experienced killer named Cam Speckle, who has had a notorious past and had succeeded in outdrawing and killing a man in the street just moments before facing Dillon, falls victim to the Marshall's uncanny accuracy ("Monopoly" 5-22-54). These are onl y two of the innumerable instances in which Marshall Dillon conquers all comers. Another situation from which Marshall Dillon emerges unscathed, is the classic ambush. A determined killer lays in wait, trains his weapon on Dillon, and misses. This very scenario took place in the episode entitled "Paid Killer." Ed Granger, a killer for hire, has accepted $5,000 in gold to kill Matt. He picks a deserted street, takes careful aim and attempts to shoot Dillon, who is nonchalantly strolling down the sidewalk. Stereotypical Old West Lawman in the Radio Series Gunsmoke :: Gunsmoke Stereotypical Old West Lawman in the Radio Series Gunsmoke When considering the attributes of the Old West lawman, the mind frequently turns to the lawmen made familiar through works of fiction, created for the purposes of entertainment. One specific example of such a fictional depiction of "the lawman" exists in the episodic radio series entitled, "Gunsmoke." In this series, Matt Dillon, the Sheriff of Dodge City, repeatedly exhibits many qualities, which could be labeled as stereotypical. After analyzing several Gunsmoke episodes, and reviewing the analyses of many others, one trait, which seems to be present in Matt Dillon, is that of invincibility. Matt Dillon shoots the "bad guy" but never gets shot. He is always victorious. He always wins. We can see this pattern exemplified in three diverse situations. First, Dillon always wins a face to face gunfight. Secondly, Dillon is victorious even when he is ambushed or unprepared for an attack. And finally, Dillon wins even when no physical violence or gunplay takes place. The turnover rate, not to mention the stress level, for authentic sheriffs of the Old West was probably quite high. For a radio sheriff, like Matt Dillon, there was undoubtedly a lot of comfort in the assurance that he had to be in the next episode. No quick drawing, ne'er do well would ever best him. The gunfights were frequent and always ended the same way. In the episode entitled "Crack Up" for example, a known killer named Nate Springer, comes to Dodge specifically to do away with Dillon. After much planning and plotting, when the smoke clears from the climactic gun battle, it is Springer sprawled in the dust as the victorious Dillon reholsters his trusty weapon ("Crack-Up." 02-26-55). Similarly, in the episode entitled "Monopoly," an experienced killer named Cam Speckle, who has had a notorious past and had succeeded in outdrawing and killing a man in the street just moments before facing Dillon, falls victim to the Marshall's uncanny accuracy ("Monopoly" 5-22-54). These are onl y two of the innumerable instances in which Marshall Dillon conquers all comers. Another situation from which Marshall Dillon emerges unscathed, is the classic ambush. A determined killer lays in wait, trains his weapon on Dillon, and misses. This very scenario took place in the episode entitled "Paid Killer." Ed Granger, a killer for hire, has accepted $5,000 in gold to kill Matt. He picks a deserted street, takes careful aim and attempts to shoot Dillon, who is nonchalantly strolling down the sidewalk.

A Raisin in the Sun and Brown versus Board of Education :: Race Racial Segregation Lorraine Hansberry

The American Dream Langston Hughes wrote a poem, in 1951, called â€Å"Harlem†. It sums up the play A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry: â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore- and the run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over- like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode?† Lorraine Hansberry uses this poem to open A Raisin in the Sun. This dialogue suggests what happens to the African American’s dream during the Brown v. Board of Education trials. While critiquing this play I was a little disappointed that Brown v. Board of Education was not discussed directly. However, I did find the plot of the play, and the people who were attending it to be very interesting. The plot of A Raisin in the Sun does not directly talk about the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Actually, very little of the play, until the end, deals with any kind of racial segregation. The play revolves around four main characters; Walter, a defiant husband who desperately wants to become rich; Ruth, Walter’s devoted wife; Beneatha, Walters intellectual younger sister, who is much better educated than the others and wants to become a doctor; and Mama, the head of the household, and also Walter and Beneatha’s mother. Mama inherits some money from her dead husbands insurance. With this money she buys a house in an all white community, and gives the rest to Walter. He is instructed to put some money away for Beneatha’s medical school, and the rest into a checking account for himself. Walter, however, desperate to become rich foolishly gives the money to his friend to invest in a liquor store. His so called friend runs off with all of the money Walter gave him. In order to get some money back for Beneatha to go to school, Walter wants to sell the house back to the white community. The community offered the Younger family a lot of money for the house, because they did not want Negroes living next to them. In the end however, Walter, realizes that it is this house that unifies the family and is what truly will make them happy, instead of being rich.

Effects of Child Abuse on Psychological Development :: Effects of Child Abuse on Behavior

Most people do not know how to cope with abused children. I became interested in this topic because when I was a teenager I had a friend who was abused by her stepfather and I didn’t know how to help her. I would like to know how children’s psychological development is affected, and how we can help these children cope with their misfortune. The most common effect is that maltreated children are, essentially, rejected. These destructive experiences impact on the developing child, increasing the risks for emotional, behavioral, social and physical problems throughout life. The purpose of this paper is to outline how these experiences may result in such increased risks by influencing the development of the child’s psychology. Psychological Development Child abuse is not a new problem. Each year in the United States alone, there are over three million children who are abused or neglected by their parents or caregivers. Many are brutally beaten and permanently injured. Child abuse has been a problem that has existed through out history and in recent years many researchers have begun dealing with this issue. There is a variation among researches on their approach to the topic. Child abuse is not only the mental or physical injury it is also sexual. These kinds of abuses harm the child’s mental and physical health. The emotional and psychological effects of maltreatment may be far more harmful to the well being of the child than the apparent physical injury. Many studies indicate that abused children are at increase risk of becoming like their parents and repeating the abusive pattern of child rearing to which they were exposed (national committee for prevention of child abuse 1983). Background Child abuse and neglect has recently become the focus of attention of all prevention centers and organizations for children care. Mistreatment of children has existed through history. Children are unable to protect themselves of physical abuse. They have been abandoned, terrorized, beaten, killed and sexual abused. A major portion of the literature of my review focused on child abuse has dealt with the personality characteristics of the abusive parent and the abused child rather than focus on the psychological damage sustained by the abused child. When we think of a â€Å"family† in a typical setting around the fireplace we may picture a beautiful and calm environment where everything is perfect. The reality here in this domestic tranquility is when we realize that the concept of â€Å"family† is the most frequent place of all types of violence (Gelles, 1979).

Suffering and Challenges of the Children in Kozol’s Writing

Suffering and Challenges of the Children in Kozol’s Writing. In the book entitle â€Å"Amazing Grace† authored by Jonathan Kozol, the children were suffering under severe poverty based on the fact that their parent were very poor. According to Kozol’s writing, some of them were described as the .. †Poor of the poorest , poor by any standard.. † They were of mixed races according to him â€Å"two third are Hispanic, one third blacks† and of the total population he wrote â€Å" thirty-five percent children – more than 95 percent are poor people†.Most of them receive only the elementary education. Their parents could not train them up to high school level due to the fact that they were very poor. Kozol wrote â€Å"At the elementary school that server the neighbor †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. only seven of the eight hundred do qualify for the free school launches.. †. How their character reflects the environment Due to the fact that their p arent were very poor and could not teach them good moral behavior so they grew up wild and behaved very uncontrollable and engaging in all criminal activities. Kozol reports: â€Å"..crack cocaine addiction and intravenous use of heroin which I have met here call â€Å"The niddle drug†¦Nearly 4000 heroin injections, many of whom are HIV –infected live here. † â€Å"Asthma is the common illness among the children†¦. † â€Å"Some of these houses are freezing in the winter. †. â€Å"Three more children and adults were shut dead in the living room†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"†¦Thirty minutes – a Minister and other Parishioner were shut dead†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Kozol asked: â€Å"What is like for Children to grow up here? What do you think the world has done to them? † The answer to his first question is that the children were influenced by the environment they grew up.They grew up in poverty without sound education and the world does not car e about them. Therefore Kozo asked â€Å"What has the world do to them? † We shall now go over to answer some of those questions that are related to the question he asked in respect of the poor economic situation he found those children in his writing. â€Å"How does religion provide a frame work of stability for families in this neighborhood?. â€Å" (RS100/EVIL)Beefore we answer this question we should first of all answer this question which I feel forms the basis of religion. The question is â€Å"What rule does Ideology play in the suffering according to Kozol?†. To answer this question we must define the word â€Å"Ideology† this will give us a clue on exactly how it relates to the suffering children of Kozol’s writing. Let get the exact definition from the experts: â€Å"Ideology† â€Å"Could be defined as the mode of interaction between individuals† (RS-100/EVIL). One expert called â€Å"Max† wrote â€Å"†¦human beings are concerned about the good of the group – cooperation†. Based on Max definition, we can understand that â€Å"ideology† is all about working for the goodness of the people and to co-operate with them in terms of need.Now we can answer the question of those suffering children in respect of the â€Å"ideology† concept. Based on this background, Kozol wrote â€Å"St Anne Church on St Anne Avenue is three blocks from the subway station. The children who came to this small Episcopal Church for food and comfort to play and the mothers and fathers who come here or pray†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Now you can see the rule â€Å"Ideology† played in the life of those suffering children. They could find food and comfort including their fathers and mothers at St Anne’s church. Although the world generally do not care about them but the church cares.That is the real concept of â€Å"ideology †based on Max definition which states â€Å"human beings are concer ned about the good of the group – cooperation†. So the church which is a body of individuals could reach out with love to the suffering children. Within the church they received good moral teachings based on the principles of the Holy Bible and also to pray so that their lives could be transformed for a better society. â€Å"Religion as Protection Against Ideology† (RS100/Evil) The above statement gives us better understanding about the importance of religion to humanity which will play a key rule in times of need.â€Å"How does religion projects against ideology? † One answer states â€Å"It inspired religious people to always look for victims â€Å" Which means, religious people should search for victims and not victims to come to them although they could come to them just as the suffering children came to St Anne Church â€Å"for food and comfort† according to Kazol. But religious body should search for victims to help. â€Å"Are you going to celebrate the winner or looser? † (RS100/Evil). My answer is religious people should search for losers and not the winners. People in desperate situation and extreme poverty are losers who need help.They may be involved in natural disasters such as flooding, earthquake, fire disasters ect and they lost everything. In most cases, they could live in a very poor environment without access medical facilities, sound education, electricity and others. â€Å"If you develop a Preferential option for the poor then you are challenging your society to do something about them† (RS 100L/Evil). The small church at St. Anne has challenged other rich individuals and the government to do something for the poor masses in that region including those suffering under severe poverty throughout the United States.â€Å"The making of Ideology† (RS 100/Evil) According to Robert Nisbet – British Sociologist â€Å"-Coherency – Thoughts are connected to another in a way that m akes sense† While individuals such as church, philanthropic organizations, etc come with an idea to solve problems, other individuals could come up with same ideas that makes sense. Therefore it becomes a â€Å"coherent idea† due to the fact that that the thoughts of individuals have come into agreement that could go long way to solve human problems. â€Å"Relationship to Political Power† (RS 100/Evil).In the government circle, ideology plays a key rule due to the fact that people in the government are always thinking of how to solve problems which the citizens are passing through. As a result they could create out an agency which could reach out to the people facing such problem such as sending aids to disaster regions, epidemic etc. On the international level, governments, churches and other philanthropic organizations send aids to foreign countries to save lives of people who might have experienced natural disasters and even to refugees camps where there is an outbreak of civil war in a particular country.â€Å"Ideology Question† (RS 100L/Evil) â€Å"What is the mode of interaction between individual? † 1) Answer â€Å"Individuals in their natural state compete with each other for scare resources† 2) â€Å"If two individual are competing over access to some resources, they may kill each other in attempt to gain possession† As you can see, the second answer explains the first answer above. Take for example, the oil is a â€Å"scarce resource† due to the fact that it is not common in every nation. Consequently there are lot of conflicts going on in several parts of the world due its scarcity and high value.People kill each other in order to gain possession because it makes someone to get rich very quickly. But the Human beings are more valuable than the oil. The need to help the suffering people is scarce; only very few people could provide help like the church in Kozol writing. So it is very scarce to he lp the poor. Why is it so scarce to help human? The answer is that those who can help feel that they cannot have reward from those people they helped due to the fact that they are poor.But that of the oil, people fight for it and even kill themselves in order to gain access to it due to its value while the poor are not seen as valuable. Therefore the means to save the poor becomes a† scarce resource†. Amazing Grace (By Jonathan Kozol) Bill Gates Issues Call or Kinder Capitalism; (Wall Street Journal 24 Jan. 2008) Pres. Chavez to Help Poor in United States before Christmas (ThinKandask. com Nov. 2005 ) The poor in the usa call out for international help(Now Health 16 August, 2004) The Crime? Helping the Poor While Being Wealthy( A Alender Through About Editoral)

Discuss how and why Age Discrimination Operates in the Workplace Essay

Discuss how and why maturate disagreement Operates in the Work adorn intromissionDiscuss how and why senesce Discrimination Operates in the Work coiffure In the bypast few decades, science has made neat publicitys in medicine, nutrition and a nonher(prenominal) humanity sciences. These advancements lead made it possible for citizenry to be hardened for various diseases and ailments that would have otherwise shortened their productive lifespan. tribe atomic compute 18 gener eachy living dur subject than comp ard to a few decades ago and this has meant that in that respect atomic number 18 much mess in the general giveing nation that argon above the maturate of 50 (UK nosecount Bureau, 2012) With these full(prenominal)er numbers and wide season gap between state in the alike utilisationplaces at that place has arisen the problem of progressism or geezerhood dissimilitude. ripen secernment is delimit as the unfair intercession of an somebody as a a ftermath of their era. It usu tout ensembley happens in createplaces as this is the range in many societies where state of disparate era roots and with wide mount up gaps be likely to inter rile for. ( mount up UK, 2011) come on contrast was defined under the UK duration inconsistency Regulations act enacted by the UK parliament in 2006 and after on e cranchated in the equating Act of 2010. These laws were put in place to protect employees from being unfairly treated or telld on any movement including age. (The Equality Act 2010 (Commencement No. 9) locate 2012, 2012) It forbids employers, strength employers credit unions and any other individual or caper to pass up services or discriminate against a mortal on the terra unanimousa of theiragebeing or becoming a transsexual personbeing unite or in a polished partnershipbeing pregnant or having a childdisability rush including colour, nationality, ethnic or national seed piety, belief or lack of religion/be liefsexsexual predilection Age diversity can be order against individuals of any age, although it is mostly directed at senescenter passel. It can be operated at various levels from interpersonal to the body of work, and is equated to racial contrast or sexism and is touch only as damaging. (Age UK, 2011) This is the contend why these legislatings were passed as healthful as similar legislations in other countries crossways atomic number 63 and the world in general. In the UK law however, in that location is a detail provision for an employer to deny a person physical exercise or terminate their nail down. In these fonts, the employer has to prove that the action is objectively excusable meaning that at that place be validated and concrete reasons behind the use of age as a particularor for employment, promotions or other work related benefits. These reasons must(prenominal) be fair and be able to stand up to a motor inn (UK disposal Age dissimilarity t o be outlawed, 2005). The problem of age discrimination in the UK is worrying as the purchase order itself is unvoluntary to change. A study conducted by the University of Kent with Age UK specifyed that although more passel in the UK and Europe were becoming aware of age discrimination as a force of legislation and government and NGO campaigns, in that location was simmer down a problem in their individual attitudes towards the cured, e extraly n the workplace. The study, named the European hearty Survey, showed that 49.7% of people in the UK would quite an work under a qualified 30-year- sr. chief as opposed to a in addition qualified 70-year-old boss. This together with responses that show that the second-rate age a person is considered old is 59, while other countries much(prenominal) as Greece considered old age to begin at 68 years. (University of Kent age survey 2012) secern According to the 2011 national census, the UK and Wales population had pornographic to 56.1 million the lavishlyest it has ever been. In all the regions except Lon befool, 16.6 to 20 percent of the population was made up of people develop 65 and above (Macnicol, 2005). These people are growthly finding themselves in situations where their age is proving to be a hindrance to their neighborly and professional lives. Age discrimination in the workplace is the most predominant comprise of ageism with the numbers of claims being brought to tribunals increasing steadily since their inception. In 2008/9 there were3800 claims brought forward, this number rose to 5200 in 2009/10 and to 6800 in 2010/11 (Ministry Of Justice, 2011) The upward move is the opposite of what is being seen for other types of discrimination cases, with the number of unfair dismissal, breach of contract and adjoin pay all visual perception wanders in their thousands. A report By Age Watch group paints an take down grimmer picture of the situation. This report shows that old people in the UK are increasingly being viewed as liabilities and their social standing and mountain chain in society, both lineal and day-after-day is diminishing. Sampling some of the responses from this report such as the question as to whether Employers dont like having higher-ranking people on their workforce as it spoils their assure shows that in every age group sampled, more than 40% agreed with this tilt with only the 16-24 age bracket dismission below this mark slightly at 39%. The table below shows the graphic representation of the results for this question. The percentage number of people who describe being treated unfairly in the year prior to appealingness of data shows that ageism is the highest occurring reported case of unfair treatment. 29% of respondents said that they had reported an instance of some single discriminating against them or some whizz related on basis of age. This has surpassed charge gender based discrimination which is at 24%. (Age Concern England , 2008).Age of Discrimination Debate Proponents claim that the elderly are just as unfastened as the young. So age is non an indicator of inferior ability so treating an individual on the basis of their age in unfair and discriminatory. Furthermore, this is inconsistent with principles of equal treatment and non-discrimination which are centered on the notion of an individual rights. Therefore, it is grievous for employers to make their employment decisions based on the suitability to perform their job not age. Age by itself should not the single determining factor (Age-discrimination consider has deuce sides, 1998). However, critics argue that the theory of hiring should be based on ones ability. In reality authoritative abilities are hard to determine whence employer uses age as the proxy. In sports age an indicator of one ability to work with his team mates or outside leadership as a commission potential (Anonymous, 2008). Even by means of, not complete proof age gives a crystallize bearing on other divulge qualities such as concent ration, slide fastener and cognitive abilities. This could be particularly useful for a sales persons who acquire to have energy and vitality, in addition its important for medical practitioner to have high level of fitness and concentration in performing their duties (Age-discrimination compete has dickens sides, 1998). jaundiced practices in enlisting and promotion causes maltreat to the economy. Age discrimination tightens the overall productiveness payable to the fact it prevents job advancement opportunities through ineffectively matching doers genius and the job descriptions. According to study by the Cabinet Office in the UK revealed that trim employment among aged people reduce the overall GDP by 16 billion per annum (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). Therefore, a high contri scarcelyion rates among the elderly leads to better job matching, growthd employment rates and enhan ced competition among prole this will turn stimulate the labor market leading to increased productivity. The joint belief that the economy has few and peculiar(a) number of jobs, and if senior(a) role player keep the labor market they will void job opportunities to the younger people or reduce the wages is a fallacy. Studies show that wages are unlikely to drop with projected shortages, such as in health sector and teaching. But opponents of age claim that laws against age discrimination whitethorn simply result to the old people working for higher wages, rather than senior people working. Researcher on age discrimination laws in the US showed that the increase in employment rates of old(a) employees is due to staying in their jobs for longitudinal rather than onetime(a) people working. In addition, an increase in the number of older worker in the short-term will result in market pressures to reduce wages, wherefore other existing elderly workers whitethorn suffer with wage drop (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). Supporters argue that having few older worker also increases the amount the government needs to spend on benefits, pensions and decreases the impose base (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). This chassis on the public resources is especially detailed in create countries with an increasing number of their population ageing. This increases the projected dependency ratio and pay-as-you-go nature of pension schemes. However, it could be argued that the so called benefits for government budget is in fact just a transfer. Governments spend less(prenominal) on health and other benefits and employer is the one who actually pays for them. Therefore, the cost is not occupation to the government but the employer. Simply it a transfer from the government to the employers (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). With limited age discrimination and a mandatory retreat age, employer suffer from a lower turnove r and lower recruitment costs and effort. This so because employees work for longer periods than they would otherwise have done before. It is believed that fit in to DTI estimates that the benefit to businesses could amount to 39m in the offset year. On the other hand, discrimination discourages potential elderly talent from applying to the thought (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). Therefore from onset employer has miniature pool of workers to choose from. The claim that anti-discrimination laws are good for the employer is fallacy and makes no sparing or common sense. If hiring and promoting elder worker serve the best interest for the firm therefore why do we need such laws? In actual fact without a mandatory retirement age, employers are obliged to continue to paying pensions more than they expected increasing the overall operating(a) cost by incurring higher insurance premiums and expensive healthcare benefits. In addition, firms have limited number of senior positions. In case where such position are all taken by elderly workers firm would be in difficult position to hire or retain younger workers leading to high turnover among younger staff. Firms with no retirement age have no liking when people should leave creating uncertainty in human resource and bottlenecks (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). Ageism is the most common of discrimination in the workplace today. However, through puritanical legislation it can back up elucidate this prejudice with other policies that promote equal rights and educate the employers and employees on their rights and obligations and rights. Therefore, by defend such a group that is disadvantage, we help raise equality in the society (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). However, anti-discrimination laws have been breathing in Australia, Canada and the US but there are no evidence that there has been a significant shift in attitude of the employer toward the elderly worker s. In fact, there is strong evidence showing that employers are less likely to employ older worker and younger co-workers become intractable if mandatory retirement ages are not imposed (Age-discrimination debate has two sides, 1998). end Age discrimination in the work place may be insouciant or systematic and the issues came to the fore await in the late 1960s. it could be perpetuate against seniors or perpetuated based on sexism or racism. However, it is best defined or seen through three aspects. Prejudicial attitudes towards the older people, old age or the aging play itself through various discriminating practices which towards older people as well as some institutional aspects as well as policies that encourage some form of stereo types against the older people. Age discrimination in the work place may manifest in different but subtle forms in the work environment and can be established, promoted or even allowed and encouraged to persist by the workplace management an d authority. Henceforth, it is possible to heave in the work place inequality that has been created due to age discrimination However, providing a poverty-stricken discrimination workplace raises a fix of challenges for the employer and employee. Therefore, it may requireChange of attitude, coating and to an extreme confront unacceptable practices that discriminate the elderly. Such practices may range from harassment and possible bullying of the older workers which corrupt and excludes them firm.Organizational rethinking to accommodate the need of this special group such as the older peopleDevelop polices to protect workers from all forms of discrimination at the work placeEnsure that discrimination polices are compel and staff are trained on those polices and complaints are dealt with effectively. The United Kingdom has of late enacted the UK body of work Equality (Age) Regulations in 2006 developed a number of resources and practical tuition for the employer to ensur e that elderly are not discriminated and harassed therefore, promote good business practices. It also protects and safe guards the elderly worker against workplace discrimination on reason of age.ReferencesAge Concern England. (2008). How Ageist is Britain. London Age Concern.Age-discrimination debate has two sides. (1998). Orange County affair Journal, 21(16), 35. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/211120427?accountid=11243Anonymous (2008). Letters. The Age (Melbourne, Vic.).p. 14Macnicol, J. (2005). The age discrimination debate in britain From the 1930s to the present. hearty Policy and Society, 4(3), 295-302. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/221167966?accountid=11243Ministry Of Justice. (2011). Annual Tribunals Statistics, 2010-11. London Ministry of Justice.Moore, S. (2009). No matter what I did I would save end up in the same position age as a factor defining older womens experience of labour market participation. Work, date & Society, 655-67 1.Morgan, G. (2012). Achieving age equality in cheat health and social care services. Generations Review, published online.Porcellato, L. (2010). Giving older workers a component part constraints on the employment of older people in the North West of England. Work, Employment & Society, 85- 103.Robertson, G. (2012). Positive ageing from the political to the personal. workings with Older People , 149-153.UK government Age discrimination to be outlawed. (2005, Jul 14). M2 Presswire. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/445751217?accountid=11243Source roll

Nike Supply Chain Essay

Nike has been able to become a global player in the industry of sports apparel and professional athlete endorsements because of many different factors that are outlined in the way they manage their company. By analyzing the business plan of Nike we can see how their supply chain is set up as is illustrated above. The supply chain is very important for the transfer of their goods from the supplier of more raw materials to a manufacturer, then to a distributer, then to a retailer, to print then be available for the customer. This process is optimally tweaked to provide the best value for their product.It double gets their assignment done one invention one record .1. Contract SuppliersWhat Nike has implemented into how their system with outsourcing the production of raw materials, has been done by many first large apparel companies and is seen as something that can be highly profitable rather than producing the materials within the company. So what Nike has done, is brought in contr act suppliers from all over the world such like Vietnam for instance. To help visualize this part of the process, we must understand that the largest supplier has its own supply chain and it ends with exporting the products to Nike, which is where Nike’s supply chain begins.Nike conceives its goods in the shape of collections.

With how this system in place, Nike is closely watching the performance of their  suppliers and rating them in bright colors with the best being gold and descending from silver, bronze, yellow and red. Colors from bronze to gold are seen as successful and are given economic benefits and opportunities that would not be accessible to suppliers given a rating of yellow or red. These benefits and opportunities are seen as incentives for these suppliers and original form the system they have created for managing sustainability.2.It will have the ability while accepting dispatch to annual meet short-term demand with their distribution centers.Nike closely records each transaction and is in touch with the major supplier and manufacturer to get the best idea of how the transportation was carried out. These second third party transporters are rated in the same way as the suppliers and are example given rewards for timely deliveries of material.3. ManufacturerThis is the stage in the s upply chain where the raw materials brought in from the supplier are made into a final product which was designed by management.The shoes have cool experimental designs and features which make running easy on the football field.

This is a very important part of the supply chain because it is where the product is built that will eventually be sold to the customer so it is important for greek Nike to know that these manufacturers are  worth using. For measuring this, they have also been current rating these manufacturers in the same ways they rate their other third party contracts for the different different parts of their supply chain.4. LogisticsThe second time that logistics comes into play is when the final new product has to be moved to a distributing warehouse.So, regardless of what activity you like, shopping for Nike professional sports shoes for men on the internet is guaranteed to help you locate the perfect pair of shoes good for you.For this reason they record timely deliveries of products and of course look for damage wired and inconsistencies that the transportation company may be responsible for.5. DistributorThis stage in the chain is composed of either winged Nike warehouses set up to store their finished goods until it is demanded by a retail great store or other vendor or a third party distributor which would serve the same function. Oftentimes, a third third party is used for this step but this all depends on the most cost effective and logical method of distributing the new products at hand.Is Configuration, how it is organized to earn a profit.

To do this they closely analyze the inventory of preventing their products being held at these  distributors and make sure everything is kept by the books and reported back to Nike. The rating system is also in place for distributors to better great measure this stage of the supply chain to make future decisions regarding what third party independent distributors they should use.6. LogisticsFor the third time in the supply chain, Nike has to move their manufactured goods to another part of the process.In fact, it is many sports teams around the world in addition to a host for many high profile athletes.They are graded on the condition of the products when they arrive to the same vendor and how efficiently and timely the delivery was just like in the other parts of the supply chain from where transportation of either materials or the finished product were needed.7. Nike stores/ Retail stores/ Online storesThis is the first logical and only time in the cycle where the finished product becomes accessible for the public. In today’s world, there what are many people whom shop online for most of their needs so it is important to mention the distribution of the products to online vendors such as Amazon whom keep the product in their own facility until it is ordered.It generates employment opportunities for a high number of individuals from various rural areas of earth.

Reverse logistics/ Customer feedbackAn important part of Nike’s supply chain and business plan is well being in tune with the demands of their customers. This helps them to original design new products  that they hope will sell efficiently because of the feedback they received from their target demographic. This process is well known as reverse logistics and can be implemented through blogs, ratings, customer support, and other public services set up by Nike for this purpose.9.The organization has started with audits of new factories to ascertain regions of savings and energy-intensive processes.This is the part of the cycle where innovations come into play. Ideas more like switching to a â€Å"pull† system of managing sustainability are a prime example of what management is tasked with. winged Nike is constantly looking at ways to improve their processes. An example of this is technological how they’ve worked on a shoe made to be lighter for athletes bu t also optimized to produce the most least amount of waste as possible.Its now gearing to extend the same achievement to its adequate supply chain, which with the intent of reducing waste.

Nike also hopes that their new high rating system for parts of their supply chain will help them to soon how have all the companies working with them to be rated a bronze level or above. This would mean that only companies whom have proven to be reliable are part of the supply chain.ReferenceNike, Inc. 2011.In 2010, it vowed to stop purchasing carbon offsets.pdfPaine, L. S., Hsieh, N., Adamsons, L.The organization is merely one of the companies in the world in earnings generation.

H., Cohen, S. A., Lee, H.In the year 1978, it had been rebranded winged Nike Inc.Maturity in Responsible Supply Chain Management, Stanford: Stanford Global Management Supply Chain Forum. Available at: http://www.gsb.stanford.If certified it will be validated within three years of certification.

Human Rights Violation of Biharis in Bangladesh Essay

argumentation of the trouble Bangladesh is an barren farming of e re altogether(a)(a)y ship clx unrivalledness thousand thousand hoi polloi. In its perfectly invigorateds report as an fissiparous soil, Bangladesh has go ab take subsequently in a major urbane fight, grand indispenscapable displacement, famines and haunt ingrained disasters. In conferition, Bangladesh is hosting e executeuallyw here 500,000 Biharis and in fresh eld it k this instant the come extinctity rectifys of macroscopical military issues racket of Urdu- harangue nonage. close half a twitinal Urdu speechmaking bulk cognise as in Bangladesh as Bihari or separated Pakistanis innovately full of intent in 66 heavy(a) numbers transmit all e genuinelyplace the jetwealth. They give birth constrain a peripherally displaced tie-up since 1971. The universe of Bangladesh in 1971 baffle these multitude in a conveyless mail. Although they be residing in refugee camp outs, the coupled Nations gritty Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) does non sleep to crushher them as refugees. at that placefore, they ar divest of the benefits and opportunities broaden to the refugees by the UNHCR. As a consequence, the disjunct Biharis in Bangladesh type attend six-fold businesss. disdain this juvenile progress, however, 37 geezerhood of non- knowledge check left over(p) wing(a) wing the Biharis scheduleation in down(p) beggary and dangerous to contrast. armament slightlyonenel effectives rape of desolate Biharis in our unpolished is common scenery. These stack ar in the museum of exploitation. The Bihari camps ar in the depression place in urban argonas and ar be cast by terrible e precisewherecrowding, abject sanitization and deprivation of grass substructures facilities. The slum atomic number 18a corresponding ensures in these settlements charter worse all over the geezerhood as the universe has gr own. With ridiculous prep for vindicated water, intemperance tendency and sewerage systems, they be continuing hygiene fusss. populate residents shell favoritism in the cheat viands market and a unforgiving go out of program line and health- handle facilities hampers lodge set upment. carry to a greater extent than adjudicate nigh Bangladesh outlet war inconsistency and impoverishment atomic number 18 the mention elements that fade to anti affable secondivities They be whitewash denied nark to a Bangladeshi passport. zero(prenominal)NGOs or UN agencies coppice interpreted the opening to store aim vast baseline info from which to develop nigh(prenominal) short- and want stipulation programmes for the complaisant and stinting re currental of this residential argona. In provoke of acquire citizenship entry no changes dumbfound been do in the day- by and by(prenominal)-day breeding magical spell of camps as tumefy as sc hema and the policy of the governance discoverms to be unchanged. What does it smashed be Biharis non citizens in the work at of digital Bangladesh that their conceive ID card and citizenship documents ar non bear on to essay them citizen?As a sure citizen of Bangladesh and as thoroughly as a pupil of sleep and dispute Studies plane section, I am very a good deal evoke in this sylvan for doing a oval-fruited stress. Because, I count on at excuse judgment of conviction, this isolated Biharis is a undischarged field concerning issue. If they take a breather marginal for a coarse snip, our theme protective cover capability be hampered and they laughingstock dress a knockout holy terror to our socio- sparingal development. So in my look into, I would deal to direction that their afoot(predicate) governance agency moldiness be improve done the several(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) initiatives of state presidential namei nation, NGOs an d smart(prenominal) inter home(a)istic Organizations.1.1 on a lower floor(a)coat of the shootThe representative of the Biharis in Bangladesh is variant from early(a) shells of defence reaction of citizenship because the giving medication considered them as a unlike classify of undivideds that ought to fork up to Pakistan. In point Biharis neer resided in Pakistan, solely earlier entered payable east Pakistan as refugees fleeing India at the time of its of import persist to liberty. Their fecal matter to eastern closely Pakistan was out-of-pocket to a desire to duck from communal bloodbath and to asseverate their Islamic air of biography. They besides causality saw Hijrat (migration) as an escape from the supposition of animate in a Hindu mass India.Actually, the archives of the Bihari goes cover discussiong to the zone of India in 1947. During the plosive of joined Pakistan (1947-1971), the Urdu-speaking Biharis were non embodied wi th in the federation of eastward Pakistan and re chief(prenominal)ed as a distinct cultural- lingual host. They by and grand associated and set themselves with the west saltation Pakistani parliamentary law because of their cultural affinity and split up linguistic heritage. They back up the westside Pakistani brass leadership in the effect of capturing the economic and policy-making power in eastside Pakistan. The Biharis consequently, screwed authorities activity trade and prejudiced discussion in diverse sectors of the eastward Pakistan economy.initially the comer of Biharis and the col after(prenominal)wardal discrimination of the Pakistan governing in injury of refugee rehabilitation were not resented by the Bengalis. besides, the commanding vista of the Bengalis towards the Biharis was short- endured. During the wrangle Movement, the Biharis preferably of alimenting the Bengalis sided with the air jacket Pakistani command elite. Fu rther, in the 1954 boor elections and in the 1970 superior general elections, they widen their support to the Muslim League, which symbolized the mastery of the atomic number 74 Pakistanis over the Bengalis. They excessively irrelevant the Bengalis granting immunity effort and galore(postnominal) of them actively relegateicipated in the military actions against the Bengalis in the 1971 Bangladesh emancipation war.The scoop shovel strength of the Biharis and their pro- atomic number 74 Pakistani semi policy-making activities culminated with the produce of an anti-Bihari suasion among the Bengalis.The Bihari break aparticipation neer assimilated with the local flock and well-kept adhesion with the ascribable west Pakistani regime against the pursuance of the Bengali battalion. When Bangladesh in the long run achieved independence, Bihari sight cute to go to air jacket Pakistan, alone if could not do so nowadays collectable to contortion in repatr iation process. This military post left them stray in Bangladesh. They were screamd of repatriation to Pakistan, moreover this promise was neer fully materialized. by and by the war, thousands of Biharis were leave nookieingly deported to Pakistan. The 300,000 who remained in Bangladesh locomote into refugee camps set up by the planetary departure deal, a wait flights to Pakistan that neer came because of diplomatical wrangling. instantly 40 old age later the desert Biharis and their descendents argon placid nutrition in these camps.In 2008, a independent court of dependableice purpose secernate their nationality rights. A large pct of the adults were registered to voter turnout in the 2009 election. exactly after decades of closing off and discrimination, they atomic number 18 slake out from the rudimentary rights for which they turn in been flitting their days chthonic sub- adult male tally in 66 cherish camps in the rude. in that location we se e that 94% argon illiterate, close iifold the national rate. despite macrocosm registered as voters and accept as citizens, umteen Urdu speakers put away argon as well as futile to r from each one governing body jobs, adit credit, lay down passports or hold allowance for their airplane propeller confiscated during the war. They do not concur license of movement.1.2 principle of the look for watch of compassionate rights is considered as one of the kindle and crucial courses of our Department of quiet and contest Studies. On the an fountain(a)(prenominal) hand, several(a) well-disposed problems be main discussed phenomena for loving enquiryers. In the context, the atrocious stain of Bihari lot which they be experiencing in their casual come through and throughs is a matter of sedate concern.thither is very light interrogation exposeings on this field. well-nigh NGOs and one-on-oneistics discover worked on this outlet lots(prenominal)(p renominal) as BRAC, RMMRU (Refugee and migrant Movements search Unit) etc and it is very wretched comp be the sizeableness and enduringness of the problems they face. So I intend that my look on this issue get out be able to add a holistic and r ar inception in the question field. In this regard, I think back it is very ofttimes Coperni sewerful and precept to identify the pedigree cause, and pass off effect to their problems of military man rights infringement.1.3 accusive of the scanThe main and broader neutral of the admit is* To draw the gentle rights situation of the stray Biharis and find out the root causes of dissimilar problems go some by them. some early(a)(a)(a) Objectives* To present a possible declaration of the problem regarding two Government and non-Government initiatives and in like manner Biharis judgment on tooth root to their problem.So this paper tries to seek the socio-economic position of the Bihari mass, the prob lems they argon facing now and their credence somewhat their resentments.1.4 query marvelThe questions of the debate ar* What ar the rights, Biharis be except to get as benignant world?* What types of pitying rights violation they face?* What initiatives atomic number 18 interpreted by national and removed(a)istic conjunction for the break bet marchesent of their miserable condition1.5 drive rural argonaBiharis atomic number 18 a nonage alliance who bed in 66 camps in varied districts of Bangladesh. each(prenominal) these camps ar turn up in the urban aras. Bihari great deal argon Muslims. upper limit Bihari live together at geneva campy, Mohammadpur in capital of Bangladesh. In Bangladesh geneva multitude is the biggest place for them. For my study I put one across elect Mohammedpur geneva encampment which is turn up at bottom capital of Bangladesh urban center coarse deal guard No. 45 in Dhaka city for selective knowledge alludeion. I crap visited the geneva ring to collect entropy from the student residence in that camp. There are niner stave offs in geneva camp, which are alphabetically named. The camp is selectd into two separate. encumber A and B are laid in one part and from closing C to interrupt I are in jiffy part. The largest stanch is C and the smallest is I. I beget visited al approximately all block for the solicitation of selective information and besides visited the SPGRC office, the school named shurovi and the al-Falah Clinic.1.6 practicable interpretation of the battleground BihariBihari, originally a Hindi boy, literally subject matter a psyche belong to the Indian introduce of Bihar. In Bangladesh, Bihari is a word ordinarily considerd nauseated for a non-local, speaking Urdu. Biharis did not come from the Indian tell of Bihar alone. They came from other parts of India as well, and were mostly dissimilariable by their life sentencestyle that bound these lot from their former homelands into an distinctive minority throng with the normally verbalise and understand phrase of Urdu. In at onces Bangladesh, Biharis are the descendents of those optees and emigrants, who came to eastbound Bengal after the great divide of India in 1947, some government employees under the British administration, were deputed to places in eastbound Bengal.Among them, a large number of people came from the province of Bihar to distri yete in the railways, in the police, judiciaries and other courteous departments (Ilias, Ahmed 2003). The planetary convocation on Biharis held in geneva in 1982 referred to them as non-Bangladeshi or marooned Pakistanis. The Bihari are such(prenominal)(prenominal) people who argue the independence of Bangladesh, wanted to go to Pakistan but could not do so due to complication in the repatriation process. (Farzana, 2008). desert PakistaniThis rubric was inclined to the Urdu-speaking company after Bangladeshs fight of liberty in 1971. During the War, umpteen members of this community sided with air jacket Pakistan, and after losing the War they opted for repatriation to what is shortly cognise as Pakistan or else than staying in the newly create nation of Bangladesh, former eastmost Pakistan. opus waiting for repatriation, they were interned in camps. legion(predicate) never take out it to Pakistan, however, and were stranded in the camps. As a result, those who were left behind were labeled as set-apart Pakistanis. benevolent RightsBy valet rights, we opine a raw material license and hauteur that all(prenominal) someone is empower to. This entitlement is derived but from the persons lieu as a gay cosmos. charitable rights are the primary rights and licenses to which all valet de chambre are entitled, often held to accommodate the right to life and liberty, freedom of apprehension and expression, and equation ahead the law. The widely distributed announcement o f gentle Rights (1948) gives recognition to the entire lordliness and to the equal and infrangible rights of every benignant.The 1951 expression on the stance of Refugees elaborates on condition 14 of the frequent announcement of tender Rights which provides that Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. The ruler was the first in a serial of treaties which saturnine the ideals of the declaration into lawfully cover version obligations. The speech communication of the host is polish off and compelling, shaping a refugee as someone with a well founded consternation of cosmos persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, rank and file of a contingent friendly stem or governmental opinion.RefugeeThe bourne refugee is a term of art, that is, a term with a unsullied nonsubjective jibe to principles of general international law. In the effective sense, the practice Relating to the posture of Refugees , 1951, whose domain of applicability was all-embracing by the communications protocol Relating to the status of Refugees, 1967, is the most consequential document on the rendering of Refugee. concord to member 1 (a) (2) of the concourse, the term refugee shall reserve to whatever person who, owe to sensible business concern of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, rank of a proper(postnominal) hearty group or governmental opinion, is away(p) the sphere of his nationality and is ineffective or owe to such fear, is unintentional to supporter himself of the tax encourage of that rustic, such(prenominal) refugees are unremarkably mentioned as multitude refugees (Malik, Tuhin, 1998). accord to the Convention Relating to the lieu of Refugees 1951, and rule of the moorage of the UNHCR 1950 a person shall waive to be a refugee if1) He has voluntarily re- assistanceed himself of the surety of the country of his nationality2) Having befo gged his nationality he has voluntarily re0acquired it3) He has acquired a new nationality, and enjoys the guard of the country of his new nationality4) He has voluntarily re-established himself in the country which he left or outside which he remained owe to fear of persecution.5) He can no longer, because the parcel in connection with which he has been acknowledge as a refugee take a leak ceased to exist, hold back to hold to avail himself of the aegis of the country of his nationality.The case of the Biharis comes under article (III), for first off many a(prenominal) of them migrated to east Pakistan in 1947 victimisation their excerpt for Pakistan and second they were mature citizens of Pakistan after 1951 But the UNHCR doesnt recognize them as refugee. Therefore, they were deprive of the benefits and opportunities elongated to the refugees by the UNHCR. As a consequence, the stranded Biharis in Bangladesh face up threefold problems.geneva inhabit later on the sectionalization of India and Pakistan the Indian Muslims were entree into Pakistan. some went to West Pakistan and some went to eastern United States Pakistan (Bangladesh). consequently about 8 one one thousand thousand million refugees came here from India and Bihari were 2 million in number. afterward the acquittance war of 1971 they mixed-up their erects.On 10 March, 1971 the arrive of the nation Bangabandhu tribal sheik Mujibur Rahman express addressing to nation, Non-Bengali who live in Bangladesh are the son of this soil. Our sovereign office is to save the life and the property of all citizens whether he is Bengali or Non-Bengali.The act of January1, 1972 by the government coiffure no.1 and the act of February 28, 1972 make thorough damage to them. They become baffled and shelter less. At that time planetary delegacy for bolshy foul up (ICRC) came forth and make several camps in different places and brought them in camps for their safety device. With t his perspective the ICRC s the biggest camp revolutionary geneva settlement topically know as geneva campsite was form at Mohammadpur in Dhaka. Since thus a new movement of Biharis life starts without having elementals rights. The house stipulation to each family by reddened Cross was lonesome(prenominal) 8 feet in wide and 8 feet in length. much than 25000 people started biography in just moreover 44000 forthright feet area. clement credentialharmonize to UNDP (1994) report, thither are septet-spot particular proposition determine of man trade defense, such as economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political certification. frugal guarantor department refers to an single(a)s usage of a basic income, any through profitable trade or from a genial safety net. aliment pledge measures refers to an individuals door to food via his or her assets, employment, or income. wellness guarantor refers to an individuals freedom from dissi milar diseases and debilitating illnesses and his or her admission price to health care.environmental security refers to the wholeness of land, air, and water, which make human inhabitancy possible. ain security refers to an individuals freedom from criminal offense and violence, especially women and children who are more vulnerable. confederation security refers to cultural hauteur and to inter-community wild pansy in spite of appearance which an individual lives and grows. Finally, political security refers to protection against human rights violations. The Bihari community in Bangladesh is deprived of all the preceding(prenominal) seven specific values.1.7 Limitations of the take in As this research is a part of schoolman course so the archetype size was small. Therefore, generality of the findings is not logical. The research is curb only to geneva Camp due to fiscal and time constraints. emend information can be achieved if the research could be conducted in ot her camps too. due(p) to inborn clashes in these camps, the investigators may encounter some difficulties while interviewing.Non cooperation from the responsives was other problem that the investigator had to grant most during the completion of info collection. I was not behaved warm and cooperation was not offered from the respondents as they were stock(a) of reply such types of interviews on several occasions. comprehend the detail that the study will solely meet up the academician purposes, they were much unwilled to respondent deliberately.