Human Trafficking Essay Example for Free

Human Trafficking EssayHuman trafficking is where a person is use by existence recruited, transported, transferred and harbored through the use of force. Human trafficking affects every ground in the world whether trafficking is conducted in the country of origin, transit or destination for the victims. Thousands of passel be trafficked every grade in their native countries or abroad. Human Trafficking has been described by some as modern day slavery. It is now nonp aril of the fastest growing transnational organized crime.The U. N. eports that there is an estimated one million people trafficked all over the world each year. Trafficking in persons has been described as modern day form of slavery. It is a serious human rights violation and is reported by the United Nations to be the fastest growing form of transnational organized crime. Human Trafficking Issues The major issue advocates against human trafficking face is how to educate and help prevent people from falling victi m to human trafficking. Many be tricked into trafficking through job offers abroad.Identifying victims of human trafficking can be difficult. Many trafficked victims may have been forced into prostitution or they may have been caught crossing borders outlaw(prenominal)ly, and because of these reasons they are not very free to approach the police. Language barrier might play a role in a victim not being able to seek help and around times traffickers threaten the victims that their families will be harmed if they were to come forward.It is also hard for advocates against trafficking to convince traffickers to leave the occupation because jibe to U.N. estimates, trafficking is the third largest illegal industry which generates close to $ 7 billion to $ 10 billion a year. Surprisingly, an estimated 200,000 American children are trafficked into the sex industry each year and 17,500 foreigners are trafficked into the US. The victims of trafficking in the main come from distressed liv ing conditions such as poverty or abuse and therefore are more vulnerable to semblance from traffickers. Eighty percent of the trafficked people are women and children.It is almost impossible to keep track of the statistics of people who are trafficked each year because it is an underground industry. Trafficking is the third largest illegal industry worldwide and does not require much experience and skills and the returns are great, therefore it attracts men and women alike. Traffickers may operate on their own, with their families or some are in more organized groups. Since it does not require a lot of skills, governments with young unemployed youth might find their youth getting snarly in the field.An otherwise issue is that once these victims are trafficked and are not able to escape, they fall victim to the human trafficking disease and become traffickers themselves, thereby devising it hard to have victims come forward and speak against the trade. Corruption plays a great pa rt in allowing this trade to continue. It is important to note that laws against trafficking vary from country to country, so it is important for one to verse themselves on the laws of each country.However, universally all countries are against trafficking in the books, but the difference might come when it comes to enforcement of the laws. police corruption in some countries plays a big part in lack of enforcement of the laws. more or less police may get payment from the traffickers to look the other commission. Victims are encouraged to seek help from organizations that deal with helping individuals free themselves from human trafficking. The best place for trafficking victims to seek refuge is through non-governmental organizations (NGO).NGOs offer victims a safe place to recover with support from fellow survivors and advocates. Services offered at NGOs may vary but most will offer temporary shelter, clothing, food, healthcare, counseling and career exploration. The Issue som etimes becomes that the victims will not want to seek help from such places because of fear and shame. Some victims may have contracted sexually transmitted diseases and may have been mentally and physically abused to the point that they feel that they are not noteworthy and whatever the traffickers tell them about themselves is what they believe.The complex root problems and the limited degree of awareness are factors that make it difficult to fight human trafficking. War, natural disasters, despicable social and economic conditions and lack of assistance for victims have helped exacerbate the problem. The trafficking social, psychological and healthcare costs are high to governments. However, these costs are small compared to the coarse term effects trafficking may do to a nation. The constant irregular migration decreases the human capital and affects the social fabric of the nations affected.Although the human trafficking issue seems like a problem too big to handle, advocate s however have not given up. Many inter-governmental bodies, donors, and NGOs have demoralizeed addressing the issues from different angles. Some organizations want to start tackling the issue from the source by helping with prevention, re-integration and awareness at the local level. U. N. offers help to nations by helping them draft laws and create national anti-trafficking laws. However, translating the written laws into do is where the problem lies. Very few individuals have been arrested for human trafficking crimes.The only way governments will be able to help reduce the human trafficking problem is mostly through aggressive awareness programs, whereby curriculums are set in schools with such awareness in mind. Stiffer penalties for traffickers should be implemented, better corporations among governments in releasing information about criminals, a support system whereby people are able to go to seek help, governments should work together to have technology that can dictate interpolate documents such as passports and border enforcement should be funded and made more stricter.Since most of trafficking occurs during periods people are desperate, it is important that whenever a war breaks out, or there is a natural disaster, governments and NGOs should take more precaution in verifying the final destination of refugees, and probably do a follow up to ensure that those refugees are safe wherever they stated they were headed. Human trafficking just liked drug trafficking needs humans to move the goods, so the only way to help alleviate the problem is for governments to improve the living conditions of its citizens and offer its citizens satisfactory employment that will keep them away from human trafficking.

Internet Censorship Essay Example for Free

network Censorship Essay entanglementInternet censorship (Is it possible to happen children safe from potency profit dangers? ) by Eko Setiyo Utomo The Internet has become a part of modern life style for most people. In developed countries, most people intent the meshwork at home. Children fuel price of admission the earnings for everything, from playing games, to doing schoolwork, to chatting with friends via e-mail, to surfing the web. Most online services provide children with a vast range of resources such as encyclopedias, current events coverage, and access to libraries and other valuable hearty. However, there can be real risks and dangers for an unsupervised child because most materials on the Internet argon not lonesome(prenominal) uncensored but also unedited. Adults can be expected to make their own evaluations of what they find. Children, who lack experience and knowledge, can not do this. Strohm (n. d. ) claims that the necessary issue in the internet is i nternet carbon black, which is a topic debated by legion(predicate) experts, but many other issues dangerous to children are of concern too. Children who make up access to the internet can easily be lured into something dangerous.As stated by Manista (2002), censorship on the internet has become an issue for a bend of very specific reasons. Parents should not assume that their children are safe online from internet dangers and they should not just rely on nuts ware to protect their children. concord to Schwartz (2004), using filters to block access to undesirable materials may never prove to be the solution. In addition, governments should have the power to decide what is not acceptable for the minds of children. In contrast, it is argued by some people that supervising access to the internet could limit the creativity of children. n addition, harmonize to Males (2000), statistical evidence does not support to filter the internet. He describes that several kinds of sex offenc es has declined since period internet (1990s) access in America. This essay will investigate the unsuitable nature of much of the material on the internet for children. It will also examine the devastating and lasting effect of pornographic images on children. Thus, enkindles must play a key role to keep children safe from potential internet dangers. Finally, it will suggest that parents should teach children how to choose suitable materials on the internet.The first section of this essay will explain wherefore internet pornography and some of the various resources unsuitable for children can have a harmful effect on children. The next section will have that soft ware is essential to protect children from site danger. Finally, this essay will argue that parents themselves should be aware of the dangers on the internet. It is important to recognize that pornographic images on the internet can have a devastating and lasting effect on children. Children using the internet unsupervis ed can view free pornography pictures through accidental accessing.Strohm (n. d. ) has claimed that it is a commonly held belief that pornography on the Internet presents a serious danger to children online, and that the effects of pornography are progressive tense and addictive for many people. He further points out that most pornography sites are very easy to find. These sites always invite children and teens to take part in exposure. Children using internet chat rooms are the main target of sexual predators, often with traumatic results (Nuss 1999). erotica isnt the only thing parents dont want their children to cod on the Internet.Parents are also concerned about anarchist, Neo-Nazi, and all sorts of other propaganda, as well as information on computer hacking and building explosives. in that respect are hundreds of thousands of web sites promoting illicit activities. However, many individuals and organized groups at the same time are attempting to protect children from inf ormation on homosexuality, violence, drugs and alcohol, hate speech, and the environment. In addition, match to Males (2000), children can become victims of internet crime, such as pedophile contacts with children and child pornography distribution.It is possible that some children may be visiting internet sites and communicating with potential internet predators without parent know. Otherwise, some pornographers argue, In the right hands porn has its place. As anyone in the industry will readily proclaim, millions of men and women transport Web erotica harmlessly, and some couples turn to porn to enhance their sex lives (Jerome et al. 2004). Children may have the opportunity to become informed about adult lifestyle. Pornography materials on the internet or ther media can be a valuable educational tool for children to understand about the concept of sexuality (Reisman Ray 1999). Furthermore, according to Males (2000), the internet access period (1990s) does not seem to have broug ht about any particularly bad effects. Nonetheless, children have access to computers and the internet not only at home, but in many other places, what they choose to view is very difficult to control. It is a concern of many parents that freedom of information presented by the internet can pollute their main of children.Many kinds of methods have been implemented to avoid some of these negative effects of the internet. First of all, School on the Web, for example, is a program has been developed by Microsoft and MCI to assist many schools attending information about education world on the internet. Moreover, Cyber Patrol, a popular soft ware, is a soft ware program that constitutes a twofold filtering technique. It can block unsuitable sites from a list of restricted web addresses (Reeks 2005).. Others products are Bess/N2H2, CyberSnoop, I-Gear, Internet Filter, Library Channel, NetShepherd.On Guard, Parental Discretion, Rated-PG, SmartFilter, Tattle-Tale, WebSense, and X-Stop. The se soft ware are designed to present at one or more many kinds of computers. According to Schrader (1999), these products widen five basic approaches bad word, bad site, bad topic, site content rating systems and bad service to control expressive content on the internet which may be set by the individual user or built into the program. In addition, children using the internet can also be prevented from disclosing their personal details via e-mail or chat room with the application of soft ware, such as Net Nanny.Meanwhile, The Platforms for Internet Content Selection (PICS) provides particular- sound outing vocabularies, which work in different way to filter, to block hostile materials. According to Resnick and Miller (1996) the parent, as a user, can select every material in the certain label that is provided by software to block unsuitable sites. Nevertheless, it is an impossible task to be able to censor everything on the internet because the internet is an infinite global net work. Males (2000) maintains that the internet would be a useless tool for students if it is blocked, or filtered.Filters can easily block student out of websites that they need to access for research simply because they contain words that have been flagged as inappropriate. He also believes that People who worry about the internet have a phobia or anxiety disarray which is not concerned about real problems. However, using appropriate soft ware can care to minimize the negative effects of the internet, even if many weaknesses exist in various software. Parents can play a key role in helping young people to be aware of the dangers and can get practical help on keeping children safe online.Governments especially, which have the power to decide what is not acceptable for the eyes of children, should make many orders to help parents to keep children safe from potential internet danger. In late 1999, the Australian Government established NetAlert to provide independent advice and educ ation on managing access to and wont of the Internet (NetAlert 2005). First of all, parents need to build self-confidenceing relationships with children and set a good example. Most parents teach their children not to give out information to strangers, not to open the door if they are home alone (AACAP 1997).As a result, it is hopped that children never give their name, phone number, e-mail address, password, postal address, school, or picture without their parent permission. Furthermore, parents should also teach children how to search and find many materials that are suitable for young people (in Healey ed. 2002). Parents are strongly encouraged to speak openly with their children about online dangers and monitor their online activities. Moreover, it is important for parents to be aware that they can not assume that their child will be protected by the supervision or regulation provided by the online services.Only parents can judge when a young person is mature enough to access the internet. Nuss (1999) also claims that children will be much safer accessing the internet if parents take the time to learn to use the internet first. However, children often feel that as Internet users, they know how to make a decision about what materials are harmful. Moreover, when students are exploring the Net for different kinds of materials, they are essentially exploring the real world (Singhal 1997). The internet is one of the contexts in which young people can discover themselves, what is usual and abnormal in their behavior (in Healey ed. 002). However, because most children do not understand what materials on the internet are real or just imagined, parents should not trust children to use the internet without supervision. In conclusion, the internet is a valuable tool for assisting in the education of children.However, when children are online, they can easily be lured into something dangerous. Children have access to online information that promotes hate, violence and pornography. These can influence their behavior and even be harmful. Filter soft ware is the most effective way to protect children from inappropriate materials on the internet. Therefore, parents, who play a key role, should talk to their children about what is online and what might happen online. Finally, the government should use its power to control those sites that provide unsuitable material for young people.

Competition among airlines: Air Mauritius

Competition among skyways place MauritiusCHAPTER 11.0 IntroductionThe aviation Mauritius was created in the year 1967 which doed connecting our small island to the rest of the world. The party now has direct flight of stepss by means of knocked push through(p) Africa, Australia, Asia and Europe which sums up to around 20 regional and international destinations ( course Mauritius, 2013). Voted best demeanorline in the Indian Ocean (according to the demesne Travel Awards, 2013), the partnership represents Mauritius and is the only air duct corporation of the country till date, hence its flag aircraft carrier. The latter boasts to give unique, high character reference services and a special attention to its customers (Air Mauritius, 2013). According to its Annual hide 2012/2013, the company currently has 2,340 employees, 12 aircrafts in their fleet serving 19 destinations. Having had a turnover of EUR 450 Million, Air Mauritius offered 1.8 Million seats and carried only 1.3 Million riders and had only 10,080 number of flights during the 2012-2013 period (Air Mauritius Annual Report 2012-2013). These statistics show that 500,000 seats remained unsold which might be due to the recession affecting our main tourist market Europe. However, Air Mauritius has slowly recovered from major losses in the previous years. In the 2011-2012 period, the company accounted for a net loss of EUR 29.4 Million but for the current period of 2012-2013, there was only a net loss of EUR 2.5 Million (Air Mauritius Annual Report 2012-2013). Making losses is always bad for business but the recovery was amazing and we hope to see practically of it in the upcoming years.Even though Air Mauritius recovered from losses, the company was not adequate to match the sales and revenue of previous years which tastes the fact that the company is losing few of its customers. The company is partially owned by the government with 51% shargons and 41% going to the sh arholders. They all have a major role to walkover in stray to comfort the national flag carrier from stiff competition and the current economic crisis. It is very crucial for Air Mauritius to preserve its customers and attract new markets because the tourism diligence heavily depends on it. The tourism exertion is the main revenue generating industry in Mauritius and by being the only flag carrier Air Mauritius plays an great role in the success of this economic column. Most of the tourists come to the island by air and we all want them to use Air Mauritius instead of coming through our fierce competitors bid Air France, British Airways and Emirates.Air Mauritius is currently negotiating with Air France for a strategic partnership since the negotiations have failed with Emirates (BusinessMega.mu, 2013). Now that the company is focusing more on the Asian market, Air Mauritius is developing new strategies to amplify the capacity of riders to and from China, Singapore and Kuala Lampur (CAPA, 201 3). The company also increased the frequency of flights mainly to China and India in order to attract tourists from the current profitable target market of the tourism industry. In February 2013, the government of Mauritius and the Republic of Maldives have both signed a bilaterally symmetrical agreement which aims to target the Chinese market, especially with destinations alike Beijing and Hong Kong where both the Air Mauritius and Mega Maldives Airlines will offer direct services (Gov.mu, 2013). In mid-2012, Air Mauritius has form a codesh atomic number 18 partnership with Air Austral which has had more or less financial difficulties just likes our own flag carrier. The codeshare partnership helped to restoring the Mauritius-Perth route several times per week (CAPA, 2013). two Air Mauritius and Air Austral agree that Australia is a great potential destination for growth.A flag carrier is very important for countries that have it. It represents the interpret of the country but most importantly, it provides preferential rights, privileges and facilitates certain(a) agreements with other countries. The government of Mauritius has recently decided to go towards an open sky policy for its flag carrier instead of sticking with the old limited sky policy. They are trying to imitate Emirates which has its success thanks to the open sky policy (Hough, 2013). This will prove to be successful for Mauritius only when sales at Air Mauritius are boosted again and there are more tourist arrivals.The local government has a forecast of 1 million tourist arrivals for the current year of 2013, which represents an increase of about 2.5% compared to last year (BusinessMega.mu, 2013). However this will not be mathematical without the help of Air Mauritius since most of these tourists will rely on air snuff it to come here and they may opt for other rival airline companies because of flight prices. Air Mauritius plays a major role in the economy of Mauritius and helped the tourism industry grow throughout its operational years and this is still an on-going exhibit despite the company is suffering an economic turmoil (Prayag, 2007).The companys fleet consists only of Airbus aircraft fitted with modern equipment and is it approved by the European Aviation rubber eraser Agency. On-board the Air Mauritius, there are many services like the inflight entertainment, meals, duty free sales and magazines. The on-board menu consists mainly of the Mauritian cuisine but draws its enthusiasm from all around the world offering Asian, Indian and European flavours. The company also has certain strict no-pork and no-beef policies and even have special meals for requisitey people, like the diabetic meal for example (Air Mauritius, 2013). On its official website, the company describes the various types of meals that it can offer to its passengers. Some of these are the vegan meals, vegetarian meals, kosher meals, low-fat meals, child meals, baby meals and much more. This is quite an interesting strategy to satisfy customers and make them feel that they are well taken care of at Air Mauritius. Furthermore, the on-board entertainment includes popular Hollywood and Bollywood movies and documentaries to watch. There are various types of music to listen to and there are also close to games for avid gamers or children.There exist two kinspersones of travel with Air Mauritius the Economy class and the Business class. In the economy class, the company boasts to have large passenger space with a 79cm pitch which provides a comfortable and relaxing flight experience (Air Mauritius, 2013). It is not an important factor which customers are concerned about but it is good to know that the economy class has a seating configuration of 2-4-2 layout with two final rows of 2-3-2 for a total of 265 economy seats (The Sydney Morning Herald, 2010). This setting is mainly for the Airbus A340E and of course there are certain various depending on the model of the a ircraft. Seating arrangements in the business class have recently been upgraded with new lie-flat seats on the Airbus A340 and A330 (Air Mauritius, 2013). These seats provide the passengers with some privacy and better comfort than the previous ones. They are large enough to accommodate any type of person. Its functions are well in grasp of the passenger thanks to a remote control. The lie-flat seats also come with a massage option.Air Mauritius offers different flight tour-in options for its customers. One may check in online on their official website and at the Sir Seewosagur International Airport or at various other airports like the Paris Charles de Gaulle, London Heathrow, Beijing seat of government International Airport and much more. They also have a premium check-in reserved for business class passengers available at every airport. On its website, the company offers adequate accurate information about the check-in process and offers even FAQs to help out lost customers. Th ese customers will also get help from Air Mauritius staff either at the head office found in Port Louis or at the SSR International Airport whenever they feel the need to.The Amde Maingard Lounge is the principal lounge of Air Mauritius at the airport terminal. The lounge offers assistance from staff, books magazines, TV, business centre with computers, WIFI, childrens play area, and a bar buffet area offering a wide array of food and beverages. Surely, all these come at a price. Business class passengers and Kestrelflyer Elite members have free access to the lounge. However an economic class passenger may get access as well depending on accessibility and at some prices. Normally an adult will pay MUR 2000, MUR 1000 for a child and free access for an infant (Air Mauritius, 2013). But these tariffs are give in to change anytime.Recently, the SSR International Airport underwent major upgrades and introduced its new terminal which came into operation on 12 September 2013. The new t erminal consists of three take aims where the ground level where domestic arrivals and departures are taken care of. Then, level 1, where the Air Mauritius Lounge is situation alongside check-in counters and finally level 2, where international arrivals are taken care of. The Air Mauritius has been waiting for this upgrade eagerly and expects to increase customer satisfaction through a newer servicescape (Air Mauritius, 2013). With all these said, Air Mauritius expects to increase its number of customers duration retaining the current ones and start making more profit again, in the years to come.One of the biggest advantages of travelling with Air Mauritius is that the company holds a perfect flight recourse record and is the safest company to fly with in the Indian Ocean (World Travel Awards, 2013). This perfect record contributed into our flag carrier winning the Indian Oceans Leading Airline Award for 9 consecutive years. The record suggests that an Air Mauritius plane never c rashed or killed anyone on-board due to safety issues. However, some planes experienced some technical faults whether in flight or on ground which also lead to delays in departure or arrivals. Just recently, in October 2013, the MK 034 flight had some major technical issues when leaving Plaisance for Paris. Only ten minutes after taking off, one of the engines blew out and caught fire mid-air causing the plane to lose fixity and altitude. The pilot informed the passengers about the incident and decided to drop fuel at sea in order to be able to land arse at the SSR International Airport. The process took hours but MK 034 landed safely with panicked passengers. The plane was then grounded for repairs and replaced by another one to get the passengers to destination, Paris. It all occurred amid 22h50 and 02h22 which caused a huge delay and a series of other flight delays the coming days because of a grounded aircraft (Lexpress.mu, 2013). These technical issues occur with almost ever y airline company in the world. The positive point for Air Mauritius here is that the pilot was able to get the passengers back on land safely.1.1 Problem StatementAir Mauritius holds a strong leading position in Africa among the competition, however many airlines have surpassed the company, globally speaking (Prayag, 2007). Nowadays, we have companies like the Emirates, Air France, British Airways, Etihad Airways, Air Seychelles, Condor, Thomas Cook and Lufthansa who have become great examples of successful airlines which are currently in direct competition with Air Mauritius (Business Excellence, 2013). They started small-time somewhere, just like the Air Mauritius but are now leaders of the skies ahead of our flag carrier. However, the company is going to show that it is still a competitor to look out for among its competitors since Air Mauritius is planning to increase flight frequencies of certain destinations like Johannesburg and Beijing which will help reinforcing their conn ectivity across the globe.Since Europe has been affected by the economic crisis lately, the meter of tourists arrivals have largely decreased. This is why the government of Mauritius has decided to re-orient the tourism industry towards a new market in order to increase demand. That new market is no other than Asia, targeting most precisely India and China. Thanks to this change, we can now clearly see why the Air Mauritius has increased flight frequencies towards these destinations and is constantly bombarding the general population with promotional packages to Beijing, Hong Kong or Mumbai. The limited sky policy and no charter flights helped boosting sales of the company in the past but recently in order to increase tourist arrivals and due to stiff competition, the local government is considering an open sky policy for a better succeeding(a) of the economy of the island (Prayag, 2007). This is being implemented because the government aims to boost tourists arrivals and expects millions of tourist arrivals every year. If this proves to be a successful step, the main economic pillar of the island the tourism industry, will prosper and eventually increase the revenue of the country.Having an excellent customer satisfaction is a great asset for an airline company as it will help with customer retention and the company will keep on achieving its primary goal that is, making profit. But it seems that the Air Mauritius has not been able to satisfy all the customers lately. According to a reliable website that provides real customer reviews and much more information about airlines, Skytrax.com 2013, the service at Air Mauritius has worsened. Customers are complaining about poor food quality, rude on-board staff, uncomfortable seats, boring entertainment and the fact that the company is still using old aircraft with old technology while every other airline are investing on newer planes. These comments affect service quality and perception of customers in a negati ve way. name of mouth may worsen the case and people will black market to think twice before buying a ticket at the Air Mauritius in the near succeeding(a). Of course, whether they are true or not, these are just statements and it is my duty to carry out this research in order to find out what is really happening about the service given to customers at the Air Mauritius.In todays competitive airline environment, the on-board services of an airline are one of the aspects that customers lookout for before purchasing an airline ticket (Namukasa, 2013). Having poor inflight services will push these customers away from the airline company and they will tend to opt for another rival company. This is why the level of service quality must stay high at all times for an airline company or else it will not survive the stiff competition (Archana and Subha, 2012). There have been so many studies which examine the influence of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty, for example, Archana and Subha (2012) in India, Huang (2009) in Taiwan and Munusamy et al. (2011) Malaysia but none for Mauritius, this is why this think is important.Aims and Objectives of the studyThe principal aim of this case study is to analyse how service quality has a major influence on passenger satisfaction and loyalty specifically at the Air Mauritius. This will be done by carrying out several in-depth data analysis and the collection of customer feedback as well. The study will help to identify areas where customer expectations are not being met at Air Mauritius and find recommendations to tackle these flaws.The specific objectives areTo understand the importance of Air Mauritius for the Mauritian economy.To examine the relationship in the midst of pre-flight service quality and passenger satisfaction together with passenger loyalty.To analyse the relationship between in-flight service quality and passenger satisfaction together with passenger loyalty.To assess the relation ship between post-flight service quality and passenger satisfaction alongside passenger loyalty.To assess whether airline service quality has an impact on passenger satisfaction and loyalty and what are the positive and negative impacts, if any.To make recommendations, based on the results of the study.Outline of studyChapter 1 introduces the subject matter including the tourism industry, the airline industry and the airline company involved in this research. It also describes the economy of Mauritius and how dependant the island is on its flag carrier for the survival of the tourism industry which is the main source of income for the country. The aims and objectives of this researched are also given in this introductory chapter.Chapter 2 is the bulkiest of all and lays the foundations of this research with definitions, empirical studies and examples from other studies. It covers service quality in the tourism industry and in airline companies and describes the instrument used for t his study. This chapter also defines the service quality in pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight services related to customer loyalty and satisfaction.Chapter 3 gives enough detail about the methodology used for this research and how the sample size, the questionnaire and the whole research was designed.Chapter 4 lays emphasis on the results of the survey carried out, together with beguile discussions to interpret these results. This chapter makes good use of charts and tables to interpret the results of the study.Chapter 5 is the final chapter of this research and is all about the conclusions and recommendations of the study. It proposes different approaches that Air Mauritius might take in order to improve its services and attract more customers. This chapter also includes the recommendations made by the survey participants and also depicts the survey limitations and what can be done in future researches in order to tackle these limitations.

Principles of the WTO

Principles of the WTOThe General exceptions domiciliate a list of bank n whizzs that countries passel enforce. These cadencys atomic number 18 a necessity 1to protect basic and fundamental socio-economic and political inte informalitys to protect the temperament and integrity of a nation. The term unavoidable was discussed by a introductory panel albeit in back install to word XX (d) and held that a contracting society could not justify a measure inapposite with GATT as necessary if there were fairish available alternative measures that were less unsuitable with GATT plannings.2Trade liberalisation being the fundamental objective of the WTO comes in direct conflict with national policies and interest of fraction states article XX of GATT provided exceptions that serve as justification for member states to enforce measures for safeguarding their interests.The WTOs founding and guiding principles remain the pursuit of open borders, the guarantee of most-favoured-nation principle and non-discriminatory treatment by and among members, and a commitment to transp arncy in the organise of its activities3.The pursuit of a free market and open trade creates a conflict of interest on a national and international level. National policies employ by governments occasionally do not conform to products and ideals of the international market, an example can be seen mingled with western and eastern governments whereas betting as an manufacturing is accepted in most of the countries, Islamic states such as Pakistan do not allow betting and as such foreign investors cannot run bid businesses as gambling is prohibited under sharia law. What is generally accepted in one geopolitical argona is not considered a norm by anformer(a) state.It then becomes a challenge to maintain a balance between policies that argon a governments legitimate objectives and non- disagreement against foreign competition and objectives that are inconsistent with the ideals of free trade .4The appellate body in US-Shrimp best summarized this by statinga balance must(prenominal) be struck between the proper(ip) of a subdivision to invoke an exception under article XX and the duty of that selfsame(prenominal) Member to respect the treaty rights of the other Members5Chapeau expression XX consists of a preamble called the palpebra and subsequent subparagraphs.The Chapeau was introduced into the exceptions article of the commercial policy chapter of the draft ITO Charter during the London session of the Preparatory Committee a relegation in the conference suggested that uncertainty in the protection clause is not desirable as it leaves these provisions open to abuse. To pr sheath abuse this excerpt to article 32XX was introduced6The pioneers in Chapter IV of this Charter relating to import and export restrictions shall not be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by any Member of the following measures, provided that they are not applied in such a man ner as to constitute a means of discretional discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail, or a wrapped restriction on international trade.The suggestion was generally accepted subject to its review to the wording specifically on whether the scope should be limited to import and export restrictions.7The amendments were made and the GATT was signed on the 1947 in Geneva and came into effect in 1948,which eventually led to the Uruguay round agreement establishing the WTO in 19948.The historical map of the chapeau is significant as it highlights its objective. Concisely, the chapeau is in place to prevent abuse of the exceptions under article XX to justify a measure that is inconsistent with the General agreement. The chapeau combats this problem through ii requirements that must be met by a member invoking the exception. First a measure provisionally justified under one of the sub-paragraphs of article XX must not be applied in arbitrary or unfounded discrim ination means between countries where the same provisions prevail. This condition involves a prohibition on any measure that has a disproportionate economic impact on products from certain countries when compared to its impact on competitive products from other countries.9In Us-Shrimp, the appellate body laid out conditions that must exist for arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination to be established (1) the applications programme of the measure at issue must result in discrimination(2) this discrimination must be arbitrary or unjustifiable in character and (3) this discrimination must occur between countries where the same conditions prevail.10The Similar conditions tally however will in burden fail in instances where the factors applicable to the measure are significantly different. However in US-Shrimp(1998) the appellant body held that in circumstances where different conditions between countries prevail, the set and inflexible application of the measure may constitute and arbitrary discrimination.11The second Justification is discretionary in nature, it is independent of the objective in measure. The effect of this ternary justification is to enhance the regulatory autonomy of WTO members.12Secondly this measure must not be applied in a manner that constitutes a masked restriction on international trade13. This measure is not clear and panels have not been able to find a certain means on elucidative on the same. It is difficult to ascertain the objective of a measure as the appellant Body found in Japan-Alcoholic Beverages (1996).14 However in US-Gasoline (1996)15 the panel held that disguised restriction can be identified when read with arbitrary discrimination and unjustifiable discrimination. The disguised restrictions amount to arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination in international trade when taken under the under the guise of a measure formally indoors the name of an exception listed in expression XX.. The test employ to determine the presence of Arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination can be used to identify disguised restrictions.The Panel in EC-Asbestos (2001) say that a restriction which formally meets the requirements of obligate XX(b) will constitute and abuse if such compliance is in fact only a disguise to control the pursuit of trade-restrictive objectives.16These requirements ensure that members submit substantive legitimate learns that do not prejudice the rights of other members to the treaty. Article XX should not be used as a disguise to abscond from the obligations of the general agreement but as an avenue to maintain the balance between rights and obligations of the members to the General agreement.Article XX reflects on the principle of good faith. It ensures fair dealings are undertaken through the obligations of the general agreement. It instils a sense of Duty on the members to respect each others rights while free them an avenue to further their objectives on a national level17.Howeve r despite the attempts to limit abuse of the provision, the general exceptions have become the subject of most WTO disputes.In US-Gasoline (1996) the appellate body stated the exceptions under article XX can be invoked as a matter of reasoned right, however caution should be taken in its use. The exception should not be used in a manner that frustrates the legal obligations of the holder in the General agreement. The provision must be applied reasonably with due regard to the party necessitateing the exception and the legal rights of the other parties concerned18.From the above analysis, the Chapeau was introduced as a firewall. It provides a legal justification for measures that meet the requirements listed in it. The application of the same becomes a subject of dispute as it is difficult to satisfy all the members due to conflicting interests. The Appellate body in US-Shrimp year?addressed the ideal means of application by statingThe task of interpreting and applying the chapeau is, hence, essentially the delicate one of localization principle and marking out a line of equilibrium between the right of a Member to invoke an exception under Article XX and the rights of the other Members under set outing substantive provisions (e.g., Article XI) of the GATT 1994, so that neither of the competing rights will cancel out the other and thereby distort and nullify or impair the balance of rights and obligations constructed by the Members themselves in that Agreement. The location of the line of equilibrium, as expressed in the chapeau, is not fixed and unchanging the line moves as the kindhearted and the shape of the measures at stake vary and as the facts making up specific cases differ.The chapeau should be used as a balancing provision, on one hand it provides a right for members to invoke an exception to protect their National interests and on the other hand it should ensure members meet their obligations. The margin that separates the two is not fixed, it is based on the circumstances of each case. An objective? Approach is taken considering the prevailing conditions of each case to ensure the appropriate equilibrium is maintained.Article XX can be invoked by a member when a measure has been found to be inconsistent with another GATT provision, this will be a justification of the inconsistency and will have to be backed with evidence to disprove the claim. Article XX can be construed to be an Omnibus article as it covers all provisions in the GATT 1947.The wording of the preamble, reflects the same nothing in this agreement shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement of measuresIn US-Section337 obligation Act (1989) stated that measures satisfying the conditions set out in article XX are permitted even if they are inconsistent with other provisions of GATT 1947.Article XX however provides limited and conditional exceptions listed in the respective sub paragraphs inconsistent with another provision of the General agreem ent.19The conditional limitations serve two functions, first they are necessary to maintain a balance between obligations under GATT and National Policies, and secondly they prevent abuse of the obligations under the guise of protectionism20.Article XX can be invoked by a member only when a measure by that member has been found to be prima farcie21 inconsistent with another provision the complaining party has to submit sufficient evidence supporting this claim, the burden then shifts to the defending party that has to provide evidence to disprove this claim. The burden of test copy to show that a measure has been violated lies with the party invoking it in Canada Import, Distribution and Sale of Certain Alcoholic Drinks by Provincial Marketing Agencies 22 and the 1994 notify in United States Measures Affecting the Importation, Internal Sale and Use of Tobacco23In the former the panel concluded that with the exception of the listing and delisting of practices in Ontario, the Unit ed States had not substantiated its claim that Canada still maintained listing and delisting practices inconsistent with Article XI of the General Agreement.The latter In view of the Panels analysis, the Panel considered that the evidence did not support the complainants claim that the DMAs penalty provisions were separate taxes or charges within the meaning of Article III2 furthermore the Panel concluded that the evidence did not face that Section 1106(c), Fees for Inspecting Imported Tobacco, mandated action inconsistent with Article VIII1(a) of GATT 1947.Both cases reflect the Panels Jurisprudential approach on the burden of proof in which previous and subsequent panels have maintained that the burden of proof rests on the party making a complaint, the burden then shift to the defending party that has to provide evidence to disprove this claim.Jurisprudence from the AB has laid down a two-tier test for the application of Article XX in a dispute. In US Gasoline 1996 the Appellate Body established the two-tier test involved a provisional justification by reason of characterization of the measure and appraisal of the same measure under the introductory clauses of Article XX24First, a Panel has to consider whether the respective measure waterfall within the scope of subparagraphs (a) to (j) In AB say in Korea-Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beej 25The Panel focussed on whether the dual retail system is necessary to ensure compliance with the law under the dirty competition Act which on the face of it was inconsistent with provisions of the WTO. It examined enforcement measures where fraudulent misrepresentation has occurred and found that the dual retail system was not used. Instead Korea used a traditional enforcement system which was reasonably available and as such it could not fall under Article XX (d) and as such could not justify the dual retail system as a necessity under Article XX (d).A measure has to be within the scope of A rticle XX for it to be enforceable.The second test is whether a measure meets the requirements of the chapeau under article XX, and was necessary to fulfil the respective objective.In AB report in European Communities Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products26The AB disagreed with the panels findings that considering the evidence relating to health finds associated with the product, under Article III 4 nullifies the effect of Article XX (d) of GATT, It however held that Article XX (d) allows members to adopt and enforce a measure, Inter alia necessary to protect human life and health although that measure is inconsistent with another provision. Under Article III4, evidence relating to health risks may be relevant in assessing the competitive relationship in the marketplace between allegedly like products. The same, or similar, evidence serves a different bearing under Article XX (b), namely, that of assessing whether a Member has a sufficient basis for adopti ng or enforcing a WTO-inconsistent measure on the grounds of human health.This ruling sheds light on the authority of article XX in GATT, if a measure satisfies the requirement of the chapeau and is inconsistent with another article in the Agreement, a member will be able to adopt and enforce a measure to achieve the objective that is, in this case to protect, human life. The end justifies the means.Articles under GATT should be see independently and with respect to the relevant provision. The AB held that provisions satisfy the article XX if they are necessary to adopt and enforce a necessary measure under Article XX (a)-(j)..It is a generally accepted principle of interpretation that exceptions are to be interpreted narrowly under the principle of (singular non sunt extendena)27however the Appellate Body has take a flexible approach in EC-Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) 1998, the Appellate Body stated that characterizing a treaty provision a an exception do es not justify a stricter or narrower interpretation of that provision28.Jurisprudence shows that ABs have adopted a less restrictive approach in a way that balances between commitments and exceptions. This approach takes after the ordinary meaning of interpreting treaties where a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith and in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given(p) to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose29.This Approach was used in the US Gasoline (1996) and US-Shrimp (1998) where the panel stated thatthe context of article XX (g) implys provisions of the rest of the General Agreement including particular Article .conversely, the context of Articles includes Article XX, accordingly, the phrase relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources may not be read so expansively as seriously to subvert the purpose and object of Article II 4.Not may Article III4 be given so encompassing a reach as effectively to emasc ulate Article XX (g) and the policies and interest it embodies. The relationship between the affirmative commitments set out in e.g. Articles I,II and XI, and the policies and interests embodied in the General Exceptions listed in Article XX, can be given meaning within the frame nominate of the General Agreement and its object and purpose by a treaty interpreter on a case-to-case basis, by careful scrutiny of the factual and legal context in a given dispute, without disregarding the words actually used by the WTO members themselves to express their intent and purpose30.The approach taken by the AB entails to maintain a balance between it then takes mingled factor in consideration, first it aims to facilitate the fundamental WTO objective of trade liberalization, second balancing member interests, General rules of interpretation, which inter alia include giving light to the context and meaning of the preamble.SCOPEAs discussed earlier on, it is clear that article XX is a universal exception and the scope of application is broad. Article XX unlike other exceptions is not interpreted in the strict and narrow sense.31The main question that has arisen is whether article XX can be used to justify inconsistencies with obligations set out in Agreements other than GATT 1994.32To go through this scope of article XX in this context it is essential to understand its historical objective. During the GATT negotiations, the negotiators took the a la carte approach, which meant that members could not choose particular items but had to take everything that was offered, in contrast, during the Uruguay rounds the negotiators introduced the single undertaking approach, where membership of the WTO was made contingent on accepting all treaties as a package.33The members had to Join all agreements administered by the WTO34.The aim of the shift was to consolidate disciplines negotiated in earlier rounds to all WTO members.The single undertaking idea is ingrained in the WTO ideolog y, it was introduced to curb fragmentation of international agreements (a La Carte).as a consequence all agreements under annex 1A of the WTO Charter were consolidated to into one document, the WTO Charter.There is no express provision in the GATT 1947 or any of the agreements under annex 1A that shows a correlation between the two. However in the event of a conflict between the two the latter shall take precedence. Lex specialis agreements take precedence over Lex generalis agreements35.The ambiguity on this contentious issue was shown in the AB report United States -Measures relating to shrimp from Thailand (DS343), United states-Customs Bond Directive for merchandise subject to Anti-Dumping/countervailing Duties36. India raised a valid point by questioning whether a defence under Article xx (d) was available to the United States to justify a measure found to constitute a specific action against cast out under Anti-Dumping agreement. The panel resolutioned this by stating we do not express a view on the question of whether a defence under Article XX (d) of the GATT 1994 was available to the United States. The panel failed to give a definitive answer.However most recently in the in China-Publications and Audio-visual products37 China invoked Article XX (a) to disembarrass the inconsistent trading rights commitments in paragraph 5.1 of Chinas Accession protocol. As in the Case of the US-Customs Bond directive38 the panel decided to first measure whether the measures met the requirements of Article XX (d) rather than expressly on the availability of Article XX as a defence.However the Appellate Body did provide a definitive answer and criticized the panels reliance on the arguendo in answering the in question.39 The Body observed that the provisions that China seeks to justify have a clearly discernible, objective affiliate to Chinas regulation of trade in the relevant products. In the light of this relationship between provisions of Chinas measures that ar e inconsistent with Chinas trading rights commitments, and Chinas regulation of trade in the relevant products, we find that China may rely upon the introductory clause of paragraph 5.1 of its Accession Protocol and seek to justify these provisions as necessary to protect general morals in China, within the meaning of Article XX (a) of the GATT 1994.In light of the above China could rely on Article XX to Justify measures in a WTO agreement other than GATT 1994 in this case, Chinas accession Protocol.Specific Exceptions under Article XX of the GATT 1994Subparagraphs (a)-(j) of Article XX lists detailed and qualify exceptions for measures inconsistent with other provisions of GATT 1994.The specified exceptions provide a comprehensive list of grounds40 that can be used to justify an inconsistent measure. The wording of various terms in the exceptions denotes a difference objective. As analysed in US-Gasoline the appellate Body stated thatIn enumerating the various categories of gove rnmental acts, laws or regulations which WTO Members may sway out or promulgate in pursuit of differing legitimate state policies or interests outside the realm of trade liberalization, Article XX uses different terms in respect of different categories.It does not seem reasonable to suppose that the WTO Members intended to require, in respect of each and every category, the same kind or degree of connection or relationship between the measure under appraisal and the state interest or policy sought to be promoted or realized.Each and every subparagraph enjoys a certain amount of autonomy, in this respect they serve a different purpose and as such should be interpreted in their ordinary meaning in accordance with the general rules of interpretation.Article XX (a)On the offset, the issue of public morals and international trade proves to be a problematic. Public morals differ between states, the relativity is bound to conflict with norms and rules set out in international practice.Art icle XX(a) as an unsusceptibility is designed to allow a nation to participate in the international trade while preserving certain aspects of its sovereignty over its domestic, political and legal order.41It is a provision that maintains self-preservation.The issue of public morals invites a sense of ambiguity, broadening its scope of application, it becomes valuable to underline a basis for an interpretation of its meaning within the context of international trade.The problem is there have been few decisions and scholarly articles touching on this exception.42In US-Gambling (2005) the stated that the term public morals denotes standards of right and wrong conduct maintained by or on behalf of a community or nation, the content of the concept of public morals can vary from member to member, depending upon a range of factors, including prevailing social, cultural ,ethical and religious values and members should be given some scope to define and apply for themselves the concept of p ublic morals in their respective territories, according to their own systems and scales of values.This definition was adopted by the panel in China-Publications and Audio-visual products (2010). The panel then set the ground work for a GATT inconsistent measure to be justified under Article XX(a) it stated the measure must be designed to protect public morals and necessary to fulfil the that policy objective.43The lack of jurisprudence with this article is bound to create problems in the future. It is clear that it is impossible to set a baseline for what is chastely right or wrong. This exception is solely aimed at maintaining the sovereign integrity of a member.Article XX (b)The scope of paragraph XX (b) is not definitive however it is clear that sanitary and phytosanitary measures were the principal measures that occupied the minds of the drafters44This is clear in the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the Sps Agreement) where the preamble states Preamble to the Sps Agreement that refers to Article xx (b) Desiring therefore to flesh out rules for the application of the provisions of GATT 1994 which relate to the use of sanitary or phytosanitary measures, in particular the provisions of Article xx(b)This article concerns measures that are necessary to protect human, brute or plant life or health. Jurisprudence on the application of Article XX (b) relies on three requirements(i) Whether the policy reflected in the measure falls within the range of policies designed to achieve the objective of protecting human life or health. In other words, whether the measure is one designed to achieve that health policy objective (ii) whether the measure is necessary to achieve said objective and (iii) whether the measure is applied in a manner consistent with the chapeau of Article XX.45The requirement is relatively straightforward and hasnt created problems with interpretation. The adjudicators must determine if a risk exists and analyse the degree of risk caused b y the product46. This risk has to have a direct relation to the measures taken, to do this, the Appellate Bodies have examined, the design and structure of the measure and it has become apparent that the measures undertaken to achieve this objective are broad. In Japan-Alcoholic Beverages II the Appellate Body stated the aim of a measure may not be easily ascertained, nevertheless, its protective application can most frequently be discerned from the design, the architecture and the revealing structure of a measure47In Brazil-Retreaded Tyres (2007), Brazil submitted a claim that the accumulation of waste tyres creates a perfect breeding ground for disease carrying mosquitoes which posed a substantial risk through the transmitting of diseases such as dengue and yellow fever. The accumulation of waste tyres also created the risk of tyre fires and toxic leaching. Brazil argued also argued that the risk posed to animals was high due to mosquito-borne diseases and numerous toxic chemic als and heavy metals contained in the pyrolytic oil released from tyre flames.48The panel accepted Brazils argument and concluded that, Brazils Policy of reducing exposure to the risks to human, animal or plant life or health arising from the accumulation of waste tyres falls within the range of policies covered by Article XX (b).49The correlation between a measure and a policy can be adduced from the analysis of the objective. Measures that have no subjective relations are often required to fulfil the policy objective on health policies. The scope is broad and can easily invite protective measures under the guise or Article XX (b).Secondly For a measure to fall under the reach of Article XX (b), has to meet the necessity requirement and meet the requirements of the chapeau.50 In addition the description of the necessity requirement with respect to the chapeau.51However in order understand the necessity requirement within the meaning of Article XX(b) the Appellate body in Brazil-Re treaded52 tyres stated that, a panel must consider the importance of the interests or values at stake, the extent of the contribution to the achievement of the measures objective and its trade restrictiveness. In this balancing approach, a balance of probabilities taking into account all relevant factors assists the adjudicator reach an appropriate decision.However other texts argue that this is not a balancing or proportionality test, rather it is a reasonable test, whether a reasonable regulator could have adopted the measure it did53. This approach is narrow and takes on a defensive approach, I do not agree with this view as it limits the rights of a member to achieve a policy objective. In this situation protection of national interests specifically relating to health policies.The more vital or important the common interests or values pursued, the easier it would be to acc

Global Forces And Trends The Nestle Company Marketing Essay

Global Forces And Trends The nest Company Marketing EssayAfter we skimmed through the Fortune 500 tend of the companies, there were a lot of choices of well known companies, however, we picked up Nestl Corporation. Since we grow up with Nestls products which atomic number 18 nutritional and healthy products, and at the same metre rattling tasty, it seemed interesting for us to do the project about this well known Corporation. tally to the official website of the Company, Nestl was formed by Henry Nestl in 1867. He was a pharmacist. In the beginning he started to produce milk food for cleanborn babies, which was the first milk cereal for children. The troupe was located in Switzerland, where the existent largest headquarter is located even today. Then, in short period the companionship started to grow and flip ones lid, and as well as twistinging a large variety of products. Nowadays, the connection is a muckle which has multiple stockholders. Throughout its existence, Ne stl has merged with some world(prenominal) companies. For example, in 1905 merged with a Anglo-Swiss milk company. (MARKETING PROCESS OF NESTLE CORPORATION) In 1998 Nestl purchased the UK largest cocoa factory, then it do some other agreements with some other companies. In 2002, Nestl made a partnership with Coca-Cola, then with General Mills, LOreal. These mergers wait oned Nestl expand their market sh atomic number 18s on the spherical international market. (Nestl.)The strike off name of Nestl comes from Henries surname. It is a short name which can be easily remembered. It is a well known and e genuinelyone can identify its logo. The smell of Nestls products made the brand easily identified, including the shibboleth of the brand, Good regimen, Good Life. Since Nestl is a company which ope sends in the global market, it means that its products argon break worldwide and they atomic number 18 available whenever consumers need them.Nestl over the time has developed and co ntinues to chief(prenominal)tain a strong reputation on the Food Industry. We consider that Nestl is on the stage of brand insistency. This means that costumers insist on getting Nestls products, and this is considered to be a big advantage for the company. (Nestl)The legal status of Nestl is a corporation, which is a business that includes stockholders. The main headquarter of Nestl is in Switzerland Peter Brabeck-Letmathe is the CEO. According to the Global 500, the stockholders equity is 46,006.2 million dollars. (Global 500) The board of directors represents the stockholder on managing the corporation.Nestl cover ups with manufacturing of products, thus, its type of business is manufacturing. Nestl produces a goodly similar collection of individual products. Its products are produced on similar ways, they have fairly similar prices, which make up a great product line. They produce milk and chocolate products, water, baby food, cof earnings, and so on. Since Nestl is a huge c orporate, they produce on large amounts. We know that when a product is being produced in large amount, its production be are set about, comparing to products produced on small amounts, thus these sink production costs leads Nestl to bring its products on the market with reasonable prices, from which the consumers benefit directly. Further much than, they use a production program which includes blue jet technology (environmental friendly technology) that saves electricity, does non pollute the air which leads to consumers benefits.They sell contrary types of chocolates, ice creams, coffees, natural water, baby food, flavored milks, etc. more or less of the products offered from Nestl are NESCAF, NESQUIK, Hot Chocolate, Cocoa, Chocolates, AEROBAR ONEChocolate AssortmentsCHOCOLATE LOGCLASSIC SlabsCRISPCRUNCHBaking ChocolateKIT KATTEX whitish BARMILONestl GOLDROLOSMARTIESSUCROSE FREEPowdered Milk, Nutren ShakesConvalescing MalnourishmentDiabetes SupplementsCritical CareNestl B aby Foods, CERELAC GoldCERELACNESTUMInfant FormulaNestl Waters, Still sparklingFlavouredWater DispensersImportsIce Cream, ImpulseTake HomeOut of HomeNestl Cereals, and so on.Consumers may benefit in different ways from buying Nestls products. From the consumers nous of view, when we decide to buy something to eat or drink, we motive to get the or so satisfaction from it. Thus, we look at its price first, then its ingredients, if it is nutritious, if it is tasty, and healthy. Since Nestls company objective is to produce healthy, tasty, nutritious food, and they offer them at reasonable prices, we conclude that consumers benefit by buying Nestl products.Nestls products are considered as high quality products. Furthermore the raw material for example for chocolate, milk is purchased yet from the milk producers who grow and give food to their cows in natural ways.All Nestl products are pick outed, because Nestl first makes research and market analysis then starts to produce its p roducts. But compose chocolate products are the or so requisiteed products from Nestl.In order for Nestl to grow and expand its market share is to follow up and to adapt to the current trends that are affecting the food industry. For example, the trend of customers demanding low and no fat products is increasing, and if Nestl develops a schema to adapt and expand production of low and no fat products, this would be a growth opportunity. Franchising is perceived as a way for companies to expand on other markets. In our quality, this also would be a growth opportunity, however, they should supervise and control and see if the franchisee is adjudgeing the quality standards that the Nestl Company sets to them. Also Nestl officials should make sure that the franchisees are maintaining the prestige and the reputation of the brand.The corporate goals and objectives are to maximize their profits. They tend to achieve this by roleplaying consumers demand, by offering nutritional produ cts which taste good, coping up with trends.There are many resources for producing products related to food industry. Nestls achievement is reliant on fresh milk, cocoa, sugar, water, power supply, materials related packaging, technology, transportation modes.Suppliers define success when there is a huge demand for their products, while the stakeholders define success if they achieve to increase the market shares, having enough resources to meet the demand, and maximizing profits by increasing sales.Market AnalysisNestls primary target is considered to be commonwealth of all ages. In this range there are included infants, children, teenagers, adults, and time-worn people. If we take age into consideration, we conclude that it is a factor that distinguishes the consumers, since Nestls has products made e finically for infants, while on the other hand we have other products which are targeted to athletes, or to adults, such as coffee. Despite of the age, gender, income, and educat ion level are not factors to be included in targeting Nestl consumers. There is not a special product of Nestl which is dedicated to males or females, or to people with different levels of education, while when it comes to income, since our products are not expensive, we dont consider income a factor to target Nestls products.From the consumers point of view, we define Nestl as a successful company if they meet our demands, they eternally supply us with new products, we find Nestls products easily and with a fair price. Also, a factor of Nestls success would be seen if they are aware of companionable responsibility meaning that they should care more for the benefits of the society as a whole and not only for companies profits.In general, the food industry is in the level of steady market that does not necessarily grow since people constantly use food products because they are necessity goods which no one can substitute them with something else. Furthermore, even if Nestl is alway s bringing new products on the market, since the population is still growing, we cannot say that it is being placed on the growing level.SWOT analysisStrengths Nestl has a very organized structure, it manages to lead in an effective way more than 276 000 employees and that requires great organizational skills. Thus, one of the strengths of the company is considered to be the organizational structure, Nestl is divided in sectors and each sector has their CEOs, then it has the executive board and in the heyday is the CEO. The hierarchy on Nestl reports perfectly. Efficient chain of supply, it de liers its products in a good condition in a fast way. Furthermore, it is a Socially tariff and innovative company. It has skilled and educated employees.Weaknesses Since Nestl develops many products, it is im mathematical to promote each of them. Another weakness is that Nestls products are dependable on milk, any global disease on cows may impact directly on Nestls production.Opportuniti es Nestl has many growth opportunities which are considered to be current trends that allow the company to extend its market. If Nestl catches up with some of the trends that are affecting food industry then it may be an opportunity to increase their profits.Threats As a menace that intimidates the company may be the current global economic crises. Nestl has to react fast with a strategy in order to pass the world fadeout without many losses. It may overturn into a disaster for the company if they ignore what is happening in the global economy. Another threat is competitions operations.PEST analysis semipolitical The government plays a role on Nestle in terms of the rules that the government makes related to the food industry in general. For example failing to meet any standard of quality, hygiene or other set by the government may result in some sanction or fee for the company.Economic When it is about economics, companies always fear any recession that may occur. So if any r ecession occurs Nestle leave be affected, and result in possible losses. Another way of economic involvement is the tax rises which also interrelated to the Political (government regulations). However if the economy is doing well it means that also Nestle expectations are to do well on the market too, because it has the necessary conditions.Social Change of life styles, income level, place of residence, education level are some social factors, which might have an influence in a company. But when it comes to food industry they doesnt make a huge difference, because food is a necessity and whether you live in urban or rural areas, or whether you are educated or not, you need to eat unless it is a luxury, and most of the Nestle products are for general use or necessity.Techno system of logical Technological advancements always shape the industries interchange the way they are produced, and makes industries much more productive, but also the need for employees is lour. With the ne w technologies productivity has increased, the delivery of products is easier products are being safer with the new packaging. Another segment related to technology is that the advertisement of Nestle products is much easier with internet, other media channels.Nestl uses market section in order to develop a suitable market mixes for different consumers. For example, they segment market for only water consumers or products which are dedicated only for athletes. First step of market segmentation is to name broad product markets, for example, in the case of Nestl would be beverage and then as stated primarily segment this market on only a relatively homogeneous group of consumers, such as athletes.According to Fortune 500 the five most influential competitors of Nestl are considered to be Unilever, PepsiCo, Sara Lee, Groupe Danone, ConAgra Foods. However, Nestl has advantages over these particular competitors since it is a larger company and can produce with lower cost, thus the pro ducts can be offered with lower price, this can be seen as a weakness of these companies over Nestl. They, offer fairly similar products as Nestl does. They also use many advertisement tools such as, TV, radio, news paper and so forth, some of them also use direct advertisement against Nestl, for example PepsiCo. According to the research that we have done Nestl maintains to be onwards of these companies, so they are not taking market shares from Nestl.In order to increase its market shares, Nestl Corporation must continue to develop new products, to spread even more on the countries that do not have factories. It must cope up with trends and forces that are affecting food industry today.The promotional reckon of Nestl is set every year. Nestl for its products uses all known promotional tools. Nestls logo placed in a product makes Nestl responsible for the quality of the product. Advertising visualize has an important role on promoting Nestls products therefore, advertising a pro duct in an effective way increases chances for that product to be successful. They use many advertisement techniques to promote their products such as TV, Radio, Internet, Newspapers, and Magazines. (MARKETING PROCESS OF NESTLE CORPORATION) Beside advertisement, Nestl pays a lot of attention on the Public Relations field. They have a 24 hours media helpline so that journalists can contact them and inquire information whenever they want. Also, Nestl has developed a reputation and maintains that reputation through a variety of public relations strategy. The department of PR in Nestl tends to maintain a good relationship among employees and develop good willing. They have developed or branded their CEO in a very victor matter and made him well known also developed its reputation worldwide. Because of their reputation when they can easily contact media to make announcements or Press Releases.According to Nestl pricing strategy, Nestl has its own set of techniques for setting the prices of the product. It does not primarily focus on the competitors pricing strategies. It emphasizes on the market demand of the product. Nowadays market is deviation through tough recession, so they set their prices happening in view the purchasing power of the customers. Moreover the prices of the products are also subjected to the type of consumer product. If the product is a daily use then it can have a minimum price to attract the customer towards your product. Thus the company cannot influence much on the prices. (MARKETING PROCESS OF NESTLE CORPORATION)Trend 1 beat 1 State the focal issue or termination facing the enterprise.When a customer want to buy a product he goes through a decision process in order to choose between so many offers from different producers for the same product. Now when it comes to the food industry products, there are so many indicators that affect a persons decision. If it is farm friendly than it is an important factor that affects the decision of th e buyers. Buyers will always choose the products that are consistent of organic and natural ingredients. In our case Nestls most important materials that purchases are milk and cocoa. And it is very important that Nestl purchases organic and natural milk and cocoa for the production of its products.Step 2 List the signalize factors that influence this decision.Certainly success will be considered that all of our raw materials (milk and cocoa) to be purchased from the farm-friendly sources. When we sell our products we also put the farm-friendly sign on it than customers will differentiate our products not only with our brand name, Nestl, but also with its farm-friendly sign. Whereas mischance would be considered if we fail to purchase organic and natural milk and cocoa. Whether it is because we cannot afford to buy them or nobody produces organic and natural milk, it still would be considered misfortune to us.In order to purchase the organic and natural sources, we need to know o ur suppliers. Where are their farms located, are there sufficient hygiene sources, check for possible diseases that cows may have and also some other issues that would affect the milk quality.Step 3 List the driving forces that influence these key factors certainPeople will shift to the products that are farm-friendly (natural organic).Nestl will increase the profit.Nestls brand name will become stronger.Increase in the number of farmers who offer farm-friendly productsLess predictable separate food industries will use the same strategy.Higher competition.Highly uncertainCustomers will reject the farm-friendly products.The number of farm-friendly farmers will decrease.Step 4 Rank the key factors and driving forces by importance and by uncertainty.Step 5 Compose plots for alternate futures that could impact the decision.Best caseful ScenarioThe shell case scenario would be if our customers like the products that produce by the organic and natural ingredients. And if this happens, customers shift their demand to these kinds of products, and certainly we will have to shift all of our sources in the production of these products. Furthermore we will grow our market because our brand name will be stronger and we expect a market growth for Nestl. bruise Case ScenarioThe worst case scenario would be if customers reject the farm-friendly products. And all of our production will be a loss for our company. Therefore we will lose our market shares not only for these kinds of products but also for other products produced by Nestl. And this will lead to the weakening of our brand name.In-between case ScenarioThe in-between case scenario would be if people will buy the organic and natural products but there wouldnt be any raise in the market shares or any change in the demand for Nestl products.Step 6 Evaluate the decision in each of the postulated scenarios.Best Case ScenarioWe have to make the decision of producing our products with organic and natural ingredients becau se customers always tend to buy products that are natural and organic. And also products with natural and organic ingredients are much healthier and tastier too, so we will provide healthier and tastier products. By using this farm-friendly strategy of production we will affect also in the raise of the number of farmers in the rural areas.Worst Case ScenarioIf the worst case scenario occurs than Nestl will for sure face losses in the market shares and in other sectors of the company too.In-between case ScenarioWith the in-between case scenario occurrence Nestl will probably face some losses in some of its sectors, but it will be easier to rehab in a near future.Step 7 postulate indicators and signposts for each scenario.Best Case ScenarioThere will a huge demand for the products with organic and natural ingredients.Increase the market shares.Increase in profit.Worst Case ScenarioRejection of farm-friendly products by customers.High production costs.Loose the market shares.In-betwee n case ScenarioCompetition.The market shares status steady.Trend 2Recently Nestl has merged with the Krafts Food Company so they will start to offer wintry pizzas. Since it is easy for people to prepare crisp products, it is considered that this trend will have positive effectuate on Nestls profits.Step 1. State the focal issue or decision facing the enterprise.A lot of consumers are interested on frozen products because it is easy to prepare them. If a person can prepare a Pizza for 5 minutes by putting it on Microwave, then they will buy it. The focused target for this products will be people who work and do not have enough time for preparing food. Also, the fact that Nestls slogan is Good Food, Good Health, it is obvious that the frozen pizzas will be healthy, nutritious and they tasty, therefore, there will be a demand for them.Step 2. List the key factors that influence this decision.In order to achieve this goal, which is to be successful in frozen food industry, we must ge t information from other food industries which deal with frozen products. We will obtain information which we will analyze, and according to them we will come up with our products. An important factor that influences us to this decision is the name of our company (Nestl), which is a powerful name on the food and beverage industry. People will buy our products more when they realize that Nestl is the producer, thus they will increase the demand for the frozen pizzasThere will be a success if with this trend we increase the production and the profit to Nestl.There will be a failure if the target market will not accept our new products. If they do so, we have to start developing a new trend.Conditions/Events determining the success/failureSuccessIf the trend increases the profit and bring success of NestlIf consumers accept our products and get satisfaction from itIf the demand of our frozen products will be higher than the demand for our competitors products.bankruptcyIf this trend wi ll bring losses to our companyIf frozen products will not be demanded by our target marketCritical assumptions defining the logic of these responsesThe competition on the food and drink industries nowadays is very large. In order to keep our clients and gain new ones, we must develop the frozen products on the market. Therefore, Nestl will be differentiated from other companies and will gain success by this trend.Step 3. List the driving forces that influence these key factors.Highly mold/PredictableAn increase of people who consume frozen productsIncrease companies profitNew production technologyLess PredictableA decrease of unemployment rate on rural areasMarket SizeIncrease of employees incomeCompetitive advantage of NestlHigher production costsStep 4. Rank the key factors and driving forces by importance and by uncertainty.Step 5. Compose plots for alternate futures that could impact the decision.Best Case ScenarioIf we will be concentrated on frozen products, the demand for ou r frozen products and the profit of Nestl will be higher.In-Between OutcomesThe trend of frozen products will keep things going almost on the same direction, but with a lower profit and production.Worst Case ScenarioIf we will not go through the strategy of our trend, our market size would be decreased and we will no more have competitive advantage. No one would buy frozen products with a high price if they find almost the same product with a lower price.Step 6. Evaluate the decision in each of the postulated scenarios.Best Case ScenarioWe should make this decision because it is a reasonable decision. First of all, the demand for frozen products is higher. Nowadays, most of the people are working and they need products which they can prepare quickly. By informing people about our trend which is Nestls Frozen Products, we will change the peoples behavior so the demand for our frozen products will increase even more.In BetweenOn this case, the things will diverge a little from the be tter(p) case, but we are sure that they will not get very bad. This is not a decision which brings us high profits, but it will help us to avoid failure.Worst Case ScenarioIf we take this scenario, we will face loses for sure. This is obvious that by having a high production cost, the price will increase, which would keep us away from clients.Step 7. Select indicators and signposts for each scenario.Best Case ScenarioDemand for our productsNumber of clients is highProfit is highIn BetweenThe demand for frozen pizzas only (not necessarily other frozen products)Worst Case ScenarioHigh production costs grim number of clientsMany competitorsSummaryDuring the conclusion of the project we have done a lot of research to find proper information for each sector of the project assigned to us. We tried to work together on each sector in order to make the project more cohesive. We found very interesting information about Nestl and how a big company should operate. We used the terminology and c oncepts learned through the quarter in the Global Forces and Trends course. During the completion of the project we found out that Nestl is a very serious company, each department of Nestl has its own responsibilities and it is very well organized. It is important for Nestl to observe forces and trends that are affecting the food industry nowadays. It is essential for the company to maintain its market shares and its position in the global market through following the current trends such as low and no fat products, use of green technology, farm friendly (use of organic and natural sources), healthy and tasty drinks, frozen products and so on. We could expand our knowledge if continue to do more research and research the company even in more details.BibliographyGlobal 500. CNN Money. CNN, 01 Jan. 2009. sack up. 8 Feb. 2010. .MARKETING PROCESS OF NESTLE CORPORATION. Http//www.scribd.com. Nestle Corporation, 29 May 2009. Web. 8 Feb. 2010. .Nestl. Nestl Corporation, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2 010. .Nestl due south Africa. Nestl Corporation, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2010. .AppendixArianit BllacaKosova, Gjilan044 399 364emailprotectedEducationCadet of Kosova Security Force, expected graduation 2011.Expected to graduate with the rank of LieutenantStudent in American University in Kosova, expected graduation 2011. bach of Science in Applied Arts and ScienceMajor Management Media and Graphic Communication Minor Public indemnityGymnasium Zenel Hajdini Gjilan, Kosova 2004-2007Related CourseworkManagement College Math for Business II Writing SeminarMicroeconomics Statistics I Creative and Critical ThinkingMacroeconomics Comparative Politics Ind. and Org. PsychologySmall Business Manag. Advertising Principles Global LiteratureMarketing Written argument Managing Media PresentationGeneral SkillsComputer skillsOperating Systems Windows XP, Windows Vista.Software applications adobe brick Premiere Pro, Microsoft military position Packet, Photoshop CS4.LanguagesAlbanian nativeEnglish flu entHobby Photography, Basketball, Music.Work ExperiencePrivate in maintaining administration of the cadet corps. Years 2008- 2009Shop assistant in a supermarket. Year 2008ReferencesAvailable upon request.Gzim OsmaniGjilan 60000, Kosovaemailprotected+377 (0)44 761 573 (Mobile)ObjectiveAn internship position with a consulting company.EducationAmerican University in Kosovo, AAS graduate 2009Present-American University in Kosovo, expected graduation 2011Bachelor of Science in Applied Arts and Science1st Major Management2nd Major Media Graphic CommunicationsMinor Public polityPresent-Cadet of Kosova Security Force, expected graduation 2011Expected to graduate with the rank of Lieutenant2004-2007 Gymnasium Zenel Hajdini Gjilan, KosovaMathematics ITRelated Coursework Photo Imaging with Computers Design for Print and Web Managing Media Presentations Fine Arts Visual Arts Advertising Principles Marketing Communicating in Business On Camera, On Mike College Math for Business I II Mic roeconomics Industrial Organizational Psychology Macroeconomics Statistics I Research Techniques Small Business Management Stress ManagementWork Experiences2002-2005 Grocery store, Cernic, Gjilan Responsible for holding accounts cashier.2006 (July December) Vision Computers, GjilanInstall the PC hardware and software, adjust hardware software problems.2009 (January August) Non-Commissioned Officer for administrative issues in the Center for Universitary Studies, Kosova Security Force. (Cadet Corporal for administrative issues CUS, KSF)2009 (August December) physical exertion Sergeant Squad Leader (Cadet. Sgt. Squad leader, CUS, KSF)2009 Present Staff Sergeant (Cadet Staff Sgt. Platoon leader, CUS, KSF)General SkillsComputerOperating Systems Windows 98/2000/XP/VistaSoftware Applications Adobe Photoshop CS3, Adobe Illustrator CS3, Microsoft Office Package (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Visio Drawing, Publisher, Access), Windows Movie Maker.LanguagesAlbanian nativeEnglish flu entGerman elementaryDriving license B category (2007)Other Activities2004-2007 Member of NGO Global Motion Social Theatre, Gjilan2002-2006 Member of Scouts de France Gjilan Cernic

Living in the City vs. Living in the Country :: Compare Contrast City Country Essays

Living in the City vs. Living in the CountryThe age-old question has plagued many, Should I live in a city or should I live in the country?. There are many advantages and disadvantages to choosing a lifestyle in either setting, and careful examination of all aspects is needed to make the perfect decision for you. One major issue affecting many people laborious to make the decision on where to live is their quality of life in either extreme. Health, education, transportation are three major concerns that many consider. In a city, pollution surrounds you wherever you step whether on the streets of a busy financial district or on the lawn of a large park. Pollution could possibly causation health problems later in life. In the country, pollution is scarce. Fresh air, rolling green hills, a few pieces of litter here and there but pretty much everything is clean, and wow No smog, you can see the stars In the country, childhood education, kindergarten through twelfth grade, is signifi cantly better than in a large city smaller class sizes and larger budgets create excellent learning environments. In cities, public schools are often plagued with very large classes packed into small spaces. Teachers with belittled pay, and little or no dedication are thrown into classrooms to teach, resulting in poor education. Transportation is very accessible in city environments. Public transportation, by way of subways, busses and ferries, are cheap and easy ways of getting around a metropolis, whether going out to work, school, or for a night on the town. In the country, everyone needs to have access to his or her own vehicle. A commute to work or school is about an average of forty-five minutes cash in flow is very important when choosing a living environment. Living in the city can easily be more expensive, if you do not accredit where to look. But it can also be very competitive with that of your spending in the country. Apartments can be very affordable in a rent-contro lled neighborhood, and are much more feasible for families, or students just starting out on their own whereas, in the country, you may have to buy a plateful or hard to find cheap rentals. Transportation costs, groceries, taxes, and utilities are common expenditures for any adult. But, many may find that a large amount of currency can be saved on these living expenses in a city.

Affirmative Action Promotes Discrimination in America Essay -- affirma

Success is something that every wizard yearns for in life. Whether it is becoming happy, healthy, or wise, there are certain achievements and triumphs that deem a person prosperous. However, in order to obtain success, one must dedicate themselves to what they want out of their journey, working hard to come out on top in the warring worlds of school and work that dominate our society. All through life, people are taught that overall hard work and moral character will allow one to achieve their goals. This sounds like the ideal situation- both fair and ethical. However, our nation has often ignored these moral teachings of justice and evenhandedness in an effort to give more comparison to the American population. A computer programme known as approving Action was introduced in 1965 by the federal government under Lyndon B. Johnson and was thought to be a great idea in order to bring more diversity and equal opportunity to the many different races, ethical groups, and certa in minorities (Affirmative Action 1980). However, the intentions affirmative action provides have only discriminated members of society further, and segregated individuals in this land of equality. Affirmative action can be described as a program for giving preference to individual applicants for positions in educational institutions, or in employment, based on that persons membership in a previously discriminated-against racial, ethnic, or sexual urge minority (Affirmative Action vs. Equal Rights 2003). Even before America was a nation, our country was regarded as a place of equal opportunity for all. Thomas Jefferson once said, We hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal..., words that have echoed through the centurie... ...n Affirmative Action vs. Equal Rights. The Jeffersonian Perspective. 20 Oct. 2014 <http//www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/7 970/jefpco60.htm. Brown, Jeff. Two Views of Affirmative Action. Third Place. 20 Oct. 2014. http//saugus.byu.edu/writing/contest/20001/brown.htm. McElroy, Wendy. What Does Affirmative Action Affirm? Zetetics. 20 Oct. 2014. <http//www.zetetics.com/mac/affirm.htm. The Equality Project Learning Center. Quotes on Equality. 27 Oct. 2014. <http//equalrightslesbigay.com/quotes.htm. The social Construction of Reverse Discrimination The Impact of Affirmative Action on Whites. The Impact of Affirmative Action on Whites. 20 Oct. 2014. <http//www.adversity.net/Pro_AA/docs/Pincus_JIR.htm.